Day 1

When were the first Constituent Assembly Elections held in India?

July 1946**.

Who first demanded a Constituent Assembly in India?

M.N. Roy** (Manabendra Nath Roy) in 1934.

What political party did M.N. Roy found?

CPI party** in 1920 in Tashkent, Uzbekistan.

In what year did the Indian National Congress demand a Constituent Assembly?

1935**.

Under which plan was the Constituent Assembly formed?

Cabinet Mission Plan**.

Who were the three members of the Cabinet Mission Plan?
A. Sir Stafford Cripps, Pethick Lawrence (Chairman), and A.V. Alexander.

What was the initial total strength of the Constituent Assembly members?

389 members**.

How were members from British India and Princely States to be selected?

296 from British India (indirectly elected)** and 93 from Princely States (nominated).

What were the election results for the Constituent Assembly in July 1946?

Congress won 208 seats**, Muslim League 73, and Independents 15.

When was the first meeting of the Constituent Assembly held?

December 9, 1946**.

How many members attended the first meeting of the Constituent Assembly?

211 members**.

What was the strength of the Constituent Assembly after the partition of India (December 1947)?

299 seats**.

Who was known as the Chief Draftsman of the Constituent Assembly?

S.N. Mukherjee**.

Who was the President/Chairman of the Constituent Assembly when it functioned as a Constitution-making body?

Dr. Rajendra Prasad**.

Who was the Chairman of the Constituent Assembly when it functioned as a Law-making body?

G.V. Mavalankar**.

Who was the calligrapher who wrote the Indian Constitution in English?

Prem Behari Narain Raizada**.

Who was the calligrapher who wrote the Indian Constitution in Hindi?

Vasant Krishna Vaidya**.

Who was responsible for the decoration of the Indian Constitution?

Nandlal Bose**.

Who is considered the Father or Chief Architect of the Indian Constitution?

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar**.

What were the three major organs of the Government mentioned?

Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary**.

What is the primary function of the Legislature?

Law-making**.

What is the primary function of the Executive?

Law implementation/execution**.

What is the primary function of the Judiciary?

Law review**.

Does India follow a strict separation of powers among government organs?
A. No, it follows a separation of functions rather than powers.

What power does the Judiciary have regarding laws that violate Fundamental Rights?
A. It can declare such laws null and void (as per Article 13).

Who was the first to develop a mathematical predictive heliocentric model of the Solar System?

Nicolaus Copernicus** in 1543.

Who proposed the Big Bang Theory?

George Lemaitre** in 1931.

What is the estimated age of the Universe according to the Big Bang Theory?
A. Approximately 13.8 billion years.

Who first proposed the Nebular Laplace Theory?

Immanuel Kant** in 1755, further improvised by Laplace in 1796.

Who developed the Planetesimal Theory?

Thomas Chamberlin and Forest Ray Moulton** in 1905.

What theory suggested that the Universe maintains its average density while expanding?

Steady State Theory** by Fred Hoyle, Herman Bondi, and Thomas Gold.

What is the study of the Universe called?

Cosmology**.

What is the study of celestial bodies called?

Astronomy**.

Which rocky planet is the fastest in our Solar System, traveling through space?

Mercury**.

What are the first four planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars) called?

Terrestrial or Rocky planets**.

What are the outer four planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune) called?

Jovian or Exterior planets**.

Which two Jovian planets are known as Gas Giants?

Jupiter and Saturn**.

Which two Jovian planets are known as Ice Giants?

Uranus and Neptune**.

What divides the terrestrial and Jovian planets?
A. The Asteroid Belt.

How long does Mercury take to complete one revolution around the Sun?

88 days**.

Which planet has the longest revolution period around the Sun?

Neptune** (approx. 165 years).

Which planet has the fastest rotation (shortest day)?

Jupiter** (approx. 9.9 hours).

Which planet has the slowest rotation (longest day)?

Venus** (243 days).

What is the largest planet in our Solar System?

Jupiter**.

What is the smallest planet in our Solar System?

Mercury**.

What is the trick to remember the decreasing order of planets by size?

JASON EVM** (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Earth, Venus, Mars, Mercury).

What is the zone between the Arctic Circle and the North Pole called?

Frigid Zone**.

Are latitude and longitude lines real or imaginary?
A. They are imaginary lines.

How many total latitudes are there?

181** (including the Equator, 90 North, 90 South).

What is the 0° latitude line called, and what does it do?

Equator**, a *Great Circle* that divides Earth into Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

What is the 0° longitude line called?

Prime Meridian** or GMT (Greenwich Mean Time).

What is the 180° East/West longitude line called, and through which ocean does it pass?

International Date Line (IDL)**, a zigzag line passing through the *Pacific Ocean*.

What are the five major oceans (trick)?

P.A.I.S.A.** (Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, Arctic).

What is the hottest zone on Earth, located between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn?

Torrid Zone**.

What are the zones between the Tropics and the Arctic/Antarctic Circles called?

Temperate Zones** (North and South).

What is unique about the Frigid Zones regarding daylight?
A. They experience roughly 6 months of continuous day and 6 months of continuous night.

Is the distance between each latitude the same, and what is it?

Yes, it is the same (111 km per 1°)**.

Does the length of latitudes change?

Yes, their length decreases** as you move towards the poles.

How many latitudinal circles are there?

179** (poles are points, not circles).

Where is the maximum distance between longitudes found, and what happens as you move towards the poles?

Maximum at the Equator (111.32 km)**, and the *distance decreases* towards the poles.

In which part of India did the earliest iron objects appear, overlapping between the Neolithic and Megalithic phases?

South India**.

Who proposed the Three-Age Classification (Stone, Bronze, Iron)?

C.J. Thomsen**.

What are the three divisions of the Stone Age?

Paleolithic** (Old), Mesolithic (Middle), and Neolithic (New).

What is the characteristic of Mesolithic tools?
A. Use of microliths (small stones).

What significant development first appeared in the Neolithic age?

Pottery** and polishing of stones.

What is Bronze an alloy of?

Copper and Tin**.

What does Megalith mean, and where is it associated with the Iron Age?

Large stones**, associated with the Iron Age in *South India*.

Did the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) flourish during the Iron Age?
A. No, IVC flourished during the Bronze Age (2500-1750 BCE).

What pottery style is associated with the Iron Age (specifically early)?

Painted Grey Ware (PGW)** and North Black Ware (NBW).

What is the full form of OCP pottery?

Ochre Coloured Pottery**.

What is the full form of NBPW pottery?

North Black Polished Ware**.

What is the trick to remember the Delhi Sultanate Dynasties?

S**akht *S*a *Launda (S*lave, *K*hilji, *T*ughlaq, *S*ayyid, *L*odi).

Which Delhi Sultanate dynasty founded the city of Agra?

Lodi Dynasty**.

Which Lodi ruler founded Agra City, and in what year?

Sikandar Lodi** in 1504.

What was Sikandar Lodi's pen name for his poems?

Gulrukhi**.

What architectural feature is associated with the Lodi Dynasty?

Double Dome Architecture** (e.g., Moth ki Masjid).

What was "The Group of 40" (Chahalgani) during the Delhi Sultanate?

40 Turkish slaves**.

Who initiated "The Group of 40"?

Iltutmish**.

What types of coins did Iltutmish introduce?

Silver Tanka and Copper Jital**.

Who wrote "Tabaqat-i-Nasiri"?

Minhaj-i-Siraj**.

Who was Iltutmish's daughter and successor?

Razia Sultan** (ruled 1236-1240).

Where was Razia Sultan imprisoned by Altunia?

Bhatinda jail**.

Which ruler ended "The Group of 40"?

Balban**.

What practices did Balban introduce to restore the king's supreme power?

Sijda** (prostration) and Paibos (kissing feet).

What integral membrane protein forms a tetramer and facilitates water and small solute diffusion across cell membranes?

Aquaporin**.

What is Diffusion?
A. Movement of anything from high concentration to low concentration.

What is Osmosis?
A. Movement of water from high concentration to low concentration through a semipermeable membrane.

What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?
A. The cell shrinks (Plasmolysis).

What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution?
A. The cell swells (turgid).

What is Active Transport?
A. Movement from low to high concentration requiring energy (e.g., RO).

What are the three primary states of matter?

Solid, Liquid, Gas**.

Which state of matter has fixed shape and volume, highest intermolecular forces, and lowest kinetic energy?

Solid**.

Which state of matter exhibits "uniformity" in behavior?

Gas**.

What is the conversion from Solid to Liquid called?

Melting or Fusion**.

What is the conversion from Liquid to Gas called?

Vaporization**.

What is the conversion from Gas to Liquid called?

Condensation**.

What is the conversion from Solid to Gas (without passing through liquid) called?

Sublimation**.

What is the conversion from Gas to Solid called?

Deposition**.

What are the Fourth and Fifth states of matter?

Plasma** and Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC).