Gene Expressions
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Last updated 12:08 PM on 12/6/22
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58 Terms
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What cells contain DNA?
All cells
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What do genes carry?
Instructions that code for formation of proteins
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What are specialized cell functions carried out by?
The proteins they produce
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For the cell to function properly,
the protein must function properly
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What is the function of DNA
To carry instructions that organisms need to survive, develop, and reproduce.
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What is the difference between DNA and chromosomes
Genes are segments of DNA, chromosomes contain genes.
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A < - > (In DNA)
T
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G < - > (In DNA)
C
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A < - > (In RNA)
U
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G < - > (In RNA)
C
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DNA -- >
RNA
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RNA -- >
Amino Acids
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Amino Acids -- >
Proteins
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What genes do brain cells have?
All of them
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What gene will brain cells express?
What is needed for that cell to function
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What determines a function of a protein?
It's shape and order of amino acids. (A changed shape/out of order amino acid may slow down or stop the proteins function)
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What determines how a protein is made?
It's sequence of amino acids
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DNA (Transcription) - >
mRNA
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mRNA (Translation) - >
Amino Acids
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Amino Acids - >
Proteins
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When is a gene expressed?
As it's needed
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When would lactase be made?
When lactose is consumed
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Introns
Non-coding, they are cut out in translation
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Exons
These are expressed and put together.
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What is the role of non-coding sections?
Controlling gene activity
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What does a histone do?
Coils DNA
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How does acetylation affect gene expression?
Relaxes the DNA, which allows the RNA polymerase to bind (increases gene expression)
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How does methylation affect gene expression
Tightens the DNA, RNA polymerase can't bind. (Inhibits expression)
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What allows gene expression to take place/increase speed?
Positive transcription factors, acetylation, high rna polymerase affinity.
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What inhibits gene expression?
Negative transcription factors, methylation, mRNA destroyer
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How does the environment affect gene expression
Food, drugs, exposure to toxins and more can change how your genes are expressed. THIS DOES NOT CHANGE THE ACTUAL DNA
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What is your epigenome?
What affects gene expression from your environment
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What do epigenetic changes do to your DNA?
Nothing
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What's a point mutation?
A single base substituted.
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What's a silent mutation?
When the mutated codon codes for the same amino acid. This has no effect
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What is a missense mutation?
When the mutated codon codes for a different amino acid. The effect varies (ie. sickle cell anemia)
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What is a nonsense mutation?
When the base change results in an early stop codon. This is usually very serious.
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What is a frameshift mutation?
Insertion or deletion, causes a change in the reading frame.
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CRISPR
Genetic 'scissors' used to cut out a defective gene
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Gene therapy
Using viruses to introduce healthy genes into the human genome
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Exon Skipping
When introns are cut out of the mRNA, an exon coding for a disease may also be cut
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RNA interface
RNA is used to 'attack' and cut out mRNA strands that may code for a disorder, essentially silencing the gene.
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Gene Switches
A way to interfere with the non-coding or regulatory sections of DNA that may code for a disease
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Small molecule therapy
Drugs that interact and interfere with a disease causing protein.
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What parts of a gene do not appear in the final mRNA
Introns, start serquence, and stop sequence
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What end products of DNA are not proteins?
RNA, Introns, and regulatory sequences.
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What does histone modification affect?
Whether a gene can be expressed or not.
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How many genes are in human DNA?
25,000
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How many different proteins are produced?
Up to 1 million
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How can many proteins be produced from few genes?
Post translational modification and Splicing
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Promoter
where RNA polymerase attaches, signaling the start of a gene
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Operator
Where a repressor binds, stopping the transcription of that gene
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Structural Genes
genes coding for the enzyme, they are transcribed as a unit
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How is transcription of lactase enabled in the presence of lactose?
The repressor binds to the operator when lactose is not present, but in the presence the repressor is released.
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Hemophillia
Blood clotting proteins don't work
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Sickle Cell
blood cells are shaped wrong
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Cystic fibrosis
faulty protein in the cell membrane
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Androgen insensitivity
faulty receptor for androgens, appears in females
Note 
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