anatomy skeletal system test

What are bones composed of?

Bones are composed of several types of tissues (bone, cartilage, dense connective tissue, blood, & nervous tissue)

How are bones classified? Name the types.

Bones are classified according to their shape. Types include Long, short (sesamoid round), flat, irregular

Know all parts of the long bone.

Spongy bone, articular cartilage, endosteum, periosteum,medullary cavity, epiphysis, diaphisis, bone marrow

Generally, how is bone developed?

Bones form by replacing existing connective tissues in the fetus.

What are the 2 methods of connective tissue replacement? Give examples of bones that develop from each method.

Intramembranous bones: originate within sheet-like layers of connective tissue (ie. skull). Endochondral bones: form from a hyaline cartilage model (ie. pelvis).

Ossification

Process of bone formation

Osteoclasts

Cell that break down bone

Osteoblasts

Bone forming cells

Osteocyte

Mature bone cell

Endochondral bone development.

The process of making a bone starts as a small structure of cartilage. The long bone continues to lengthen while cartilaginous cells (of epiphyseal plates) are active (once plate ossifies, bone can no longer grow). As compact bone is deposited on the outside of developing bone, the medullary cavity forms in diaphysis (as osteoclasts erode the bone on the inside). Eventually, the medullary cavity fills with bone marrow (producing blood cells).

What is the significance of epiphyseal plates? What is another name of epiphyseal plate?

They are the growth area, the way bones increase in length. These are also known as growth plates.

3 factors that affect bone development.

NUTRITION- vitamin D is needed for calcium absorption

HORMONAL SECRETIONS-

\-Growth Hormone: stimulates division of cartilage cells of the epiphyseal plate

\-Sex Hormone: Stimulates ossification of the epiphyseal plates to end growth in height.

PHYSICAL EXCERSISE- When muscles pull on bones at their attachment sites, it stresses the bone, which will cause it to increase in thickness and strength.

What are the main functions of bone? Give 5 examples and explain each.

FUNCTIONS- supports the body, protection of organs, allows movement.

EXAMPLES- ribs protect internal organs such as heart and lungs, the cranium protects the brain, the humerus supports the body, osteoclasts break down and absorb bone, allows joints to move, ball and socket move arm.

Define marrow and its types

MARROW- A soft substance inside the bone.

TYPES- Red and yellow

What does marrow do?

The marrow creates blood cells, and creates the components of what we need to survive.

What are two major portions that the body is organized into?

Appendicular and Axial

How many bones are in the adult skeleton?

There are 206 bones in the adult skeleton (male and female)

Are there more or less bones in the infant skeleton? Why?

Babies have more bones than adults because as they grow up, some of the bones fuse together to form one bone. This is because babies have more cartilage than bone. Newborn babies have around 305 bones. A baby's skeleton is mostly made up of cartilage.

How many bones are in the skull

22 bones

What are the joints of the skull called? What type of joint are these?

Sutures-- fibrous joints

Know the names/locations of the bones of the skull.

CRANIUM- Frontal (front), parietal (top of head), occipital (back of head), temporal (temple), sphenoid (in front of temporal), ethmoid (back fo eye orbits).

FACIAL- Maxilla (top part of jaw), mandible (bottom jaw), zygomatic (cheek bones), lacrimal (front, inside of eye), nasal (top part of nose, vomer (seperates nostrils, septum).

Which bones of the skull have 2 of the same

Parietal, temporal,and sphenoid

The zygomatic bone connects to how many different bones?

4-- Temporal, frontal, maxilla, sphenioid bone

What is a fontanel? What is the purpose of these?

A fontanel is the area of incomplete intramembranous ossification. It allows bone movement during childbirth and growth, it eventually closes.

Name and identify the location of the sinuses.

Frontal sinus, sphenoidal sinus, maxillary sinus

What are the main sections to the vertebral column?

Cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, Lumbar vertebrae sacrum and coccyx

What is in between each vertebra?

Intervertebral discs

What connects the vertebrae?

Faccet joints

Which type of vertebrae are the largest? Smallest? Why?

The largest is lumbar because is holds the upper body and the smallest is cervical because it only holds up your head

What are the atlas and axis?

The Atlas helps hold up your head and the axis helps spin your head

Where are the atlas and axis located?

The Atlas is the first cervical (C1) and the axis is the second cervica (C2)

C3, 4, and 5 keep your DIAPHRAGM alive. What does this mean?

The phrenic nerve is formed from C3, C4, and C5. This nerve provides exclusive motor control of the diaphragm, the primary muscle of respiration.

How many vertebrae are in each section of the vertebral column?

There are 7 cervical/12 thoracic/ 5 lumbar

Another term for tailbone

Coccyx

What is the thoracic cage composed of?

Thoracic vertebrae, sternum, ribs and their costal cartilages

How many ribs do humans have? What are the different types and where are they located?

12 pairs of ribs, which attach to the thoracic vertebrae; the seven pairs of ribs on the top (superior) are called true ribs, while the five pairs on the bottom (inferior) are called false ribs; the false ribs do not reach the sternum directly, and the lower two pairs are floating ribs.

What is the pectoral girdle composed of?

2 scapulae and 2 clavicles

What is the pelvic girdle composed of?

2 hip bones

What are the differences between the female and male pelvis?

\-Bones are lighter for females

\-Wider public area for females

What are other features of the male and female skeletons that are different?

\-Female chin is sharper than males

\-Larger back side curve in females

Know all the bones of the pelvis and lower limb

PELVIS- hip bone, pelvic girdle, sacrum, coccyx

LOWER LIMB- femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

What are the main types of joints (as classified by how the move)?

Immovable- Synarthrotic

Slightly movable- amphiarthrotic

What are the main types of joints (as classified by the type of tissue that binds them)?

Fibrous, - between bones with connective tissue most are immovable.

Cartilaginous,- made with cartilage and help absorb shock and slightly movable.

Synovial, - free moving and more complex (there are 6 of them)

Give examples of each type of joint.

Shoulder and wrist joint is ball and socket, knee is hinge joint, the wrist and the elbow are pivot joints , the joint at the middle of the thumb is saddle, joints between the metacarpals on your hand are plane joints, and the wrist is a condylar joint.

Define menisci. Where can you find this?

This protects the bone surface of the knee at both ends. You can find this in the knee.

Name and define the terms that describe joint movement.

Extension - angle of the joint increases or the return from the flexion.

Flexion - angle of the joint decreases or the return from the extension.

Abduction - away from the midline of the body (horizontal plane).

Adduction - towards the midline of the body (horizontal plane)

Hebrews 4:12

For the word of God is alive and active. Sharper than any double-edged sword, it penetrates even to dividing soul and spirit, joints and marrow; it judges the thoughts and attitudes of the heart.