Psych CH 4,8,6

Sensory Register (Sensory Memory)

Storage of brief sensory events (Ex: Sights, Sounds, Tastes)

Chunking

Organizing information into manageable bits/ 'chunks'

Flashbulb Memory

Extremely vivid memory of an important event- Typically a long-term memory (Ex: a person remembering everything they were doing when 9/11 occurred)

Tip of the Tongue

Phenomenon where a memory is right there, but you can't seem to recall it

Schema

Method of organizing info that allows brain to work more efficiently (ex: tails, four legs, fur can be associated with cats)

Semantic Network

Cognitive-based graphic representation of knowledge that demonstrates relationships between various concepts within a network

Decay

Type of forgetting that occurs when memories fade over time

Retroactive Information

Information learned more recently interferes with the recalling of older information

Proactive Information

Information learned in the past hinders the ability to recall new information

Repression (Motivated Forgetting)

Unconscious blocking of unpleasant/traumatic memories & thoughts from the conscious mind

Retrograde Amnesia

Type of amnesia that hinders ability to recall past memories

Anterograde Amnesia

Type of Amnesia that hinders ability to create new memories

Misinformation Effect

Phenomenon where an individual may wrongly recall information after being exposed to inaccurate information

Source Amnesia

When you can remember information, but not where/when you learned it

Source Error

Phenomenon where individuals incorrectly recall the source of a memory

Automatic Processing

Mental ability to perform tasks with minimal effort or conscious effort

Effortful Processing

Encoding of information that takes more effort & attention

Mnemonic

Memory aid that helps organize information for encoding (Ex: ROY G BIV or H.O.M.E.S)

Acronym

An abbreviated form of a title- created using the first letters of each word (Ex: ADHD, PTSD, BPD, etc.)

Explicit Memory

Memory that involves conscious recalling

Implicit Memory

Memory that affects your behavior without your conscious awareness

Hierarchies

System of organization where elements are organized in levels of increasing importance

Priming

Exposure to a stimulus influences the response to a later stimulus (brain can be led in another direction)

Herman Ebbinghaus

Studied memory & forgetting by remembering nonsense syllables (Famous for 'Curve of Forgetting')

Elizabeth Loftus

Studied false memories- developed Misinformation effect paradigm

Parts of Memory

1. Input (Encoding)

2. Storage

3. Output (Retrieval)

Encoding

Input of information into the memory system

Recall

accessing information without cues- "Its easier to ________ something meaningful

Recognition

identifying previously learned information after encountering it again

False Memory

a distorted or fabricated recollection of something that did not actually occur

Context-dependent memory

stronger recalling of memories in the environment where they were formed (Ex: you do better on a test in the same classroom where you learned the material.)

State-Dependent Memory

the phenomenon in which memory retrieval is easier when an individual is in the same state of consciousness as they were when the memory was formed

Consciousness

Our awareness of internal & external stimuli

Awareness

Perception or knowledge of something

Circadian Rhythm

Biological rhythm that occurs over 24 hours

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Measures sleep activity by tracking Brain Waves

Sleep Cycle

the pattern of sleep stages that occur during a typical night (a cycle lasts about 90 minutes)

Insomnia

Recurring problems with staying/falling asleep (3 kinds: Can’t fall asleep, can’t stay asleep, wake too early)

Narcolepsy

Sleep disorder where you get sudden, uncontrollable sleep attacks

Sleep Apnea

Sleep disorder defined by episodes where you stop breathing during sleep

Nightmares

Distressing dreams that cause a person to wake up

Night Terror

Sleep disorder where you experience a sense of panic & may scream or attempt to escape immediate environment (Sleepwalking/ sleeptalking)

Somnambulism

Medical term for sleepwalking

Tolerance

Requiring increased quantities of a drug to gain desired effect

Withdrawl

Negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued

Psychoactive drug

substance that, when taken, produces altered state of consciousness

Physical Dependence

state where your body becomes reliant on a particular substance in order to function normally

Hypnosis

state of extreme self-focus & attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli

Suggestibility

tendency of an individual to accept & act upon the suggestions & influences of others

Stimulant

drug that tends to increase overall levels of neural activity (ex: caffeine, cocaine, nicotine, etc.)

Depressant

drug that suppresses central nervous system activity (ex: alcohol, marijuana)

Hallucinogen

class of drugs that result in altered sensory & perceptual experiences- often with vivid hallucinations (ex: LSD, shrooms, ecstasy, etc.)

Addiction

state of dependency on drugs, substances, etc.

overdose

ingestion of an excessive amount of a drug (can be fatal)

opiate

category of drug that has strong pain-relieving properties- produced from poppy opium resin (ex: Heroin, Morphine, etc.)

Selective Attention

process of directing awareness to relevant stimuli, while ignoring irrelevant stimuli

Manifest Content

storyline of dream (according to Freud)

Latent Content

Meaning of dream (according to Freud)

Substance Use Disorder (SUD)

condition where there is uncontrolled use of a substance despite harmful effects

Learning

Change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience

Conditioning

Learning process where stimuli in the environment shape our behaviors & emotions

Classical Conditioning

learning in which the stimulus experience occurs before a behavior & then gets paired with or associated with the behavior (Discovered by Pavlov)

Stimulus

Any Internal or external event or object that elicits a response from an organism

Response

Any automatic reaction to a stimulus that occurs naturally

Unconditioned Stimulus

Stimulus that elicits a reflexive (automatic) response

Unconditioned Response

Natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus

Conditioned Stimulus

Stimulus that elicits a response due to being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Conditioned Response

Response caused by conditioned stimulus

Trial

A performance of an experiment

Acquisition

process in classical conditioning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to trigger a conditioned response

extinction

decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus

Spontaneous Recovery

Return of a previously extinguished conditioned response

Stimulus Generalization

Demonstrating conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

Stimulus Discrimination

Ability to respond differently to similar stimuli

Operant Conditioning

form of learning in which the stimulus or experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated

Instrumental Learning

A type of learning in which behavior is controlled by the consequences

Reinforcement

Implementation of the consequences in order to increase behavior

Positive reinforcement

adding a desirable stimulus to increase behavior (Ex: Praise, giving a kid a treat when completing homework, pay, etc.)

Negative reinforcement

Taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase behavior- NOT PUNISHMENT (Ex: turning off loud alarm in the morning, putting on seatbelt to stop car from beeping)

Punishment

Implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior (not very good, since it teaches what not to do, instead of what should be done.)

Positive Punishment

Negative consequence after an undesired behavior is exhibited (Ex: scolding a child after they scribbled on a wall)

Negative Punishment

Removing something desirable to reduce a behavior (Ex: Taking away a teenager’s phone after they broke curfew)

Operant Chamber (Skinner Box)

small box where animal presses a button/lever to get food (reward) or avoid something unpleasant

Shaping

reinforcers gradually guide behavior toward desired behavior

Discriminative Stimulus

A signal/cue that a particular behavior will be reinforced (Ex: A green traffic light signals it's safe to go, while a red light means stop)

Partial Reinforcement

Rewarding behavior only some of the time

Primary Reinforcer

Something that naturally satisfies a basic need or desire without prior learning (Ex: Food, Water, Shelter, Sex)

Secondary Reinforcer

something that only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else (Ex: Money, gold stars, praise, loyalty program points)

Observational Learning

Learning that occurs by watching others

Intrinsic Motivation

Motivation based on internal feelings rather than external rewards (Ex: playing a sport for fun, reading a book for enjoyment)

Extrinsic Motivation

Motivation that arises from external factors or rewards (Ex: Getting paid, receiving a trophy, getting a bonus at work)

Franz Mesmer

Austrian Physician that hypnotized people

James Braid

Studied Mesmer, claimed the term ‘Hypnosis’

Beta brain waves

Awake & alert (Short & fast brain waves)

Alpha Brain Waves

Awake but drowsy

N-REM brain waves

Sleep (slower & bigger waves)

REM (Rapid Eye Movement)

sleep stage where you are dreaming

Ivan Pavlov

discovered classical conditioning

John Watson

Father of behaviorism- Conducted ‘little Albert’ experiment (conditioned baby Albert to fear animals)

B.F Skinner

discovered operant conditioning- created operant chamber