all the body systems

epidermis

outer layer of skin, protection

dermis

middle layer of skin, connective tissue, glands, blood vessels

subcutaneous tissue

deepest layer, insulation and cushioning

apocrine glands

sweat glands active in stress and puberty

eccrine glands

sweat glands for temperature regulation

arrector pili msucles

cause goosebumps

melanocytes

produce melanin 

hair

protection and insulation

nails

protection and enhance fine motor skills

integumentary functions

protection, fluid balance, absorption, synthesis of vitamin D, sensation, thermoregulation, immunity, excretion

nasal cavity

warms, humidifies, filters air

pharynx

passage connecting nose, larynx, mouth, and esophagus

larynx

airway, house vocal box

trachea

main airway connecting larynx, and bronchi

bronchi

airways branches into primary, secondary, and tertiary level

bronchioles

transitional airways for gas exchange

alveolar ducts and sacs

functional units for gas exchange

pleura

protective lung lining, reduce friction and maintains negative pressure

respiratory gas exchange

provide oxygen to body, remove carbon dioxide

respiratory filtration

clean air before reaching lungs

respiratory humidification

add moisture to prevent lung dryness

respiratory sound production

larnxy enables vocalization

respiratory protection

prevent foreign particles form entering deep airway

cardiovascular system

heart and blood vessels

heart

four chambers, right and left atria, right and left ventricles, function as double pump

atria

right and left chambers pump blood into ventricles

left ventricle

pump blood to systemic circulation (body)

righ ventricle

pump blood to pulmonary circulation (lungs)

arteries

carry oxygen-rich blood away from heart

veins

return deoxygenated blood to heart

atrioventricular valve (AV)

tricuspid (right) and mitral (left)

semilunar valves

pulmonic (right) and aortic (left)

gastrointestinal system

digestive and urinary system

digestive system

stomach, small and large intestines, liver, pancreas, gall bladder, spleen

stomach

break down food, vitamin B1 absorption, secretes hydrochloric acid to begin digestion

small intestines

primary site for digestion and nutrient absorption

large intestines

absorb sodium and water

liver

metabolize nutrients, produce bile and clotting factors, detoxify drugs and alcohol, convert glucose to glycogen, store vitamins

pancreas

produce insulin, glucagon, digestive enzymes

gall bladder

store and concentrate bile

spleen

store red blood cell (RBCs), produce RBCs and macrophages

urinary system

bladder and kidneys

bladder

store urine

kidney

remove waste, regulate blood pressure, and produce erythropoietin ( stimulate RBC production)

female genitourinary system

mons pubic, labia majora/minora, clitoris, urinary meatus, skenes glands, vaginal introitus, vagina, bartholins galnds, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, kidneys

mons pubis

Subcutaneous pad over the symphysis pubis for protection.

labia majoria/minora

Folds of adipose (body tissue) and connective tissue; protect and lubricate external genitalia.

clitoris

Erectile tissue for sexual stimulation

urinary meatus

opening to urethra (duct for urine)

vaginal introitus

opening for vagina

vagina

muscular tube for copulation, birth canal, and menses (blood from menstruation)

bartholin’s glands

Secretes alkaline mucus to improve sperm viability and motility.

cervix

end of uterus extending into vagina

uterus

hollow, muscular organ, site for fertilized egg, protect fetus

fallopian tubes

passage for ovum to uterus

ovaries

produce ova, estrogen, and progesterone

kidneys

filter and excrete waste products

male genitourinary system

scrotum, testes, vas deferens, spermatic cord, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral gland, prostate, epidiymis, kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra, penis, glans penis, inguinal area

scrotum

sac that contains and protect testes

testes

produce sperm and testosterone

vas deferens

duct from epididymis to ejaculatory duct

spermatic cord

protective sheath around vas deferens

seminal vesicles

produce 70% of semen

bulbourethral gland

secrete lkaline substance to neutralize vaginal secretions

prostate

produce 20% semen

epididymis

store sperm until mature

kidney

filter blood and remove waste

ureter

tube connecting kidney to bladder

urethra

passageway for urine elimination

penis

male sex organ and urine elimination

glans penis

important for sexual arousal

inguinal area

canal for vas deferens from srotum through abdominal muscles, contains lymph nodes

musculoskeletal system

bones

206 bones, provide structure and protection, produce blood cells and store calcium

muscles (650)

enable movement and positioning, produce heat

joints

articulation points, range of motion (ROM)

tendons

connect muscle to bone

ligaments

connect bone to bone

cartilage

support and shapes, shock absorber

bursae

sacs filled with synovial fluid (cushion and reduce friction)

types of joints

• pivot

• condyloid

• ball and socket

• hinge

• plane/gliding

• saddle

• sutures