NUT 10 AHHHHH

Your roommate asks you if it is "healthy" to feed her 10-month-old baby almond milk as the child's ONLY protein source.

Why would it be impractical or impossible to feed her 10-month-old baby almond milk as an exclusive protein source? Check all that apply.

-the child is gorwing and requires more protein than can be provided by almond milk -almond milk is an incomplete protein, so it's low in one or more essential amino acids in relation to our need -it would physically impossible for the child to consume enough almond milk to meet his or her protein needs

Which fiver aids in relieving constipation?

water-insoluble

This type of fiber holds , bulks up the intestines, and __ the passage of waste.

water, speeds up

How to calculate BMR

female: .9 (kg bodyweight) x 24 hours male: 1 (kg bodyweight) kcal x 24 hours/day

Activity types

BMR x activity coefficient -light 50% -moderate 70% -strenuous 100%

Calculate TEF

.05 (or 5%)

Calculate total energy intake

BMR + Activity + TEF (+or- extra or less calories)

RDA for protein

.8 g/kg per day

Calorie content for nutrients (fat, protein, carbs)

fat: 9 kcal carb: 4 kcal protein: 4 kcal

the villi and microvilli of the small intestine

maximize the absorptive surface

the storage form of carbohydrate in plants is

starch

Kwashiorkor refers to a

nutritional deficiency disease resulting from an insufficient dietary protein

DV for protein

50g

a calorie is

a measure of heat energy

what are symptoms of severe protein deficiency in an adult?

-increased susceptibility to infections -diarrhea -edema

what are the components of a child's energy requirement?

BMR + activity cost + TEF + COST OF GROWTH

Protein, carbs, and fat are the ONLY nutriends that provide _ to the body

ENERGY

contributing to the most weight of the human body is

WATER

for which organ is glucose most critical as an energy source

brain

When looking at a Nutrition Facts label the energy value of a food represents the present in food and the units are _.

physiologically available energy; calories

Which has the highest relative protein requirement expressed in grams per kg body weight per day?

a 10-month old child

what are essential nutrients?

-nutrients that are required in the diet -nutrients that cannot be made at a rate sufficient to meet needs -nutrients that cannot be made by the body

because fiber is indigestible by humans, it passes through the digestive system and ends up in the

stool

what is the basal metabolic rate

the amount of energy needed to support basic bodily functions

Which factors/conditions alter protein needs?

-regular exercise -injury -illness -growth -pregnancy

The __ are the basic unit of all carbs

monosaccharides

proteins fulfill the following functions:

-provide energy in the amount of 4 calories per gram -are major components of body structure -serve a regulatory role as hormones and enzymes

most of the enzymes responsible for the digestion of the energy nutrients come from the

pancreas

BMR can be altered by:

-fasting decreases BMR -age decreases BMR -exercise increases BMR

excess protein consumed

-cannot be stored as protein or amino acids -could be used as energy -could be converted to fat

ex of fructose

apples, pineapples, grapes

ex of complete protein

eggs, seafood, meat, poultry, soy, insects

ex of water soluble fiber

beans, fruit, oats/oatmeal

ex of water insoluble fiber

bran

ex of glycogen

THERE IS NO FOOD SOURCE

how to find chemical score

-to find chemical score, only look at ESSENTIAL amino acids -calculate scores for amino acids -find percentages!! (ex. egg has 8% lysine, mystery protein has 5.6%. Divide 5.6/8 x 100 = 70%. The protein has 70% of the lysine content as in the egg.) -chemical score is EAA with lowest percentage

What is the limiting amino acid of a food?

EAA with lowest percentage (provides chemical score)

three monosaccharides that make up carbs?

fructose, sucrose, glucose

what is the end product of protein digestion?

amino acid

Pectin is a:

-fiber -carbohydrate

T or F: fiber contains potential energy; however, this energy is NOT physiologically available since carbs are indigestible.

true

lactose intolerance is:

a lack of lactose digesting enzyme

how many essential amino acids are there?

9

T or F: carbs are ONLY found in plant-based food

false

what are the benefits of water-insoluble fiber?

-helps relieve constipation -lowers the likelihood of developing diverticulitis -lowers the risk of developing hemorrhoids -helps lower the risk of colon cancer

would you expect the amino acid profile to be the same from protein in human blood, goat's milk, and cow muscle?

No, because the proteins are made of different amounts of specific amino acids and the order/sequence of the amino acids determines how the protein is folded, thus dictating its structure and determining its function

what is a typical BMR value?

1,000-2,000 kcal/d

T or F: slow turnover proteins are most affected by protein deficiency

false

physical digestion occurs mostly in the

stomach

DV of fiber

25 g

the thermic effect of food (TEF) component of your daily energy expenditure is:

the energy needed to digest and assimilate food

measuring ___ losses is the best way to estimate protein need

nitrogen

body proteins which have a very high rate of turnover are those of the

-immune system -digestive tract cells

Metabolic syndrome primarily increases risk for

cardiovascular disease (CVD)

good food source of saturated fat

beef, pork, yogurt, cheese, cocnut oil, palm oil

good food sources of linolenic (18:3)

salmon, tuna, flaxseed oil

good food sources of HDL

NO FOOD SOURCE

exercise is important for weight loss because exercise calorie expenditure, so kcals out are ___ than kcals in, which creates an energy defecit

increases; greater

cholesterol is used as a precursor to hormones and Vitamin D in our body, therefore it is an essential nutrient

false

which lipoprotein is thought to decrease the risk for cardiovascular disease when circulating levels are low?

Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL)

Essential fatty acids are used to make

prostaglandin

during times of gradual weight gain in adults, fat cells ___ in size and _____ in number.

increase/stay the same

which of the following animal food fats differ structurally from the rest?

fish fat

True or false: excess body fat arises from excess intake of dietary fat, as well as from dietary protein and carbs consumed in excess of energy needs that are subsequently converted to fat

FALSE (only carbs since protein in excess of energy needs cannot be converted to fat)

When the amount of glucose available exceeds the amount needed for immediate energy, it mat be

-converted to fat and stored in fat cells -stored as glycogen in the liver -stored as glycogen in the muscles

If saturated fatty acids predominate in a fat, the fat will

be solid at room temperature

T or F: obesity is primarily a result of overconsumption of sugar

false

During a prolonged fast (no food eaten 24-36+ hours), levels of nitrogen (as urea) __ in the urine.

increase compared to fed state

The end products of carbohydrate energy metabolism are

-CO2, H2O plus energy -same as fat energy metabolism (aerobic)

in order to maintain your weight, you must consume

less calories than you are expending (kcals in < kcals out)

What type of dietary fiber is strongly associated with lower heart disease risk?

WATER SOLUBLE FIBER

what are the components of a lipoprotein

cholesterol and fat droplets surrounded by a protein coat

DV for cholesterol

300 mg

T or F: cholesterol is incorporated into human cells all throughout the body

true

the BMI (Body Mass Index) can be used as an indicator of obesity. The BMI is:

a ratio of weight to height squared (kg/m^2)

A man with a waist size greater than inches and a woman with a waist size greater than ____ inches BOTH have abdominal obesity.

40/35

The main role of an HDL (high density lipoprotein) is to:

collect extra cholesterol from the blood

Hydrogenation is a process that makes unsaturated fats:

-more resistant to oxidation (more stable) -contain trans fat

T or F: all triglycerides in one food source (such as fish) only contain one type of fatty acid (such as linoleic)

FALSE

T or F: achieving 5% body fat is healthy

false

Bile is made from and functions in _.

cholesterol/fat digestion

In an evolutionary sense, why did the body evolve to defend against weight loss?

-make sure women had enough fat stores for pregnancy and lactation -increase survival, since our ancestors didn't know when their next meal would be

In the body, cholesterol is:

-incorporated into cell membranes -converted into Vit D -made in the liver

good food sources of monounsaturated fat

olive oil, peanut oil, avocado

good food sources of linoleic (18:2)

nuts, nut oil, soybean oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil

good food sources of hydrogenated fat

crisco, margarine, vegetable shortening, cookies made with hydrogenated oils

good food sources of polyunsaturated fat

fish, nuts, soybean oil, almond butter

Fat's insolubility in water influences the following process(es)

-digestion -absorption -transport through circulation

what are some major risk factors for coronary artery disease?

-hypertension (high blood pressure) -hypercholesterolemia (high blood cholesterol) -cigarette smoking

a starving person (without food for at least 24-36 hours) has to break down some muscle tissue in order to manufacture ___ which cannot be made from fat.

glucose

T or F: you can only find Omega-3s (linolenic, 18:3) in fish

TRUE

Full fat cells cause leptin levels to rise, thereby hunger signals.

decreasing

what are the components of the triglyceride structure?

(1) glycerol + (3) fatty acids

Anorexia is an _ and is associated with the following nutritional problems:

-eating disorder characterized by self-induced starvation -lanugo and deficiencies in protein, vitamins, minerals

T or F: an individual with a blood cholesterol level of 300 mg/dl would be considered a low risk for cardiovascular disease

false

a vegetable-based foot fat that differs markedly from the general characteristics of most vegetable fats is

palm oil

in an effort to reduce risk for cardiovascular disease, which dietary recommendations are made in the 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans?

less than 35% of calories from total fat; less than 7% of calories from sat fat

Your friend was just diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. Select 3 key characteristics of met syndrome (must include primary physical feature and specific measurements).

-abdominal obesity (waist size >35 in for women, >40 in for men) -low HDL -high LDL -insulin resistance

What is the daily value for trans fat

there is no set daily value for trans fat, but the recommendation is to avoid consuming this fat