Biology Systems Lecture Review

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Vocabulary flashcards based on key concepts from the lecture on various biological systems.

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22 Terms

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Diffusion

Movement of gas from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

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Bulk Flow

Movement of gases or liquids through a medium due to a pressure gradient.

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Fick's Law

States that the rate of gas diffusion is proportional to the surface area, concentration difference, and is inversely proportional to the thickness of the membrane.

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Closed Circulatory System

A circulatory system where blood is contained within vessels throughout the body.

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Open Circulatory System

A system where blood is not always contained within vessels, flowing freely in body cavities.

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Hemoglobin

A protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen for transport in the bloodstream.

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Essential Nutrients

Nutrients that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through diet.

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Metabolic Rate

The rate at which the body uses energy to maintain life functions.

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Hydrostatic Skeleton

A structure composed of fluid-filled compartments that provide support and enable movement in some animals.

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Exoskeleton

A rigid external covering that provides support and protection to an organism.

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Endoskeleton

An internal skeleton that supports the body and allows for movement.

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Toll-like Receptor (TLR)

A protein that plays a key role in the innate immune system, recognizing pathogens.

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PAMPs

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns that signal the presence of pathogens to the immune system.

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Antibody

A protein produced by the immune system that binds to specific antigens.

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MHC Proteins

Major histocompatibility complex proteins that present antigens to T cells in immune responses.

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Neuroendocrine Cells

Cells that receive neural signals and release hormones into the bloodstream.

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Anterior Pituitary Gland

The front part of the pituitary gland that secretes hormones influencing various bodily functions.

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Estrous Cycle

A reproductive cycle in female mammals characterized by recurring phases of estrus.

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Menstrual Cycle

A monthly cycle in females involving the preparation of the uterine lining for potential pregnancy.

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Polarity in Fertilized Eggs

The intrinsic asymmetry in fertilized eggs that determines axes of development.

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Cleavage

The series of rapid mitotic divisions that occur after fertilization, forming a multicellular embryo.

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Blastula Stage

An early embryonic stage characterized by a hollow ball of cells surrounding a fluid-filled cavity.