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Vocabulary flashcards based on key concepts from the lecture on various biological systems.
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Diffusion
Movement of gas from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Bulk Flow
Movement of gases or liquids through a medium due to a pressure gradient.
Fick's Law
States that the rate of gas diffusion is proportional to the surface area, concentration difference, and is inversely proportional to the thickness of the membrane.
Closed Circulatory System
A circulatory system where blood is contained within vessels throughout the body.
Open Circulatory System
A system where blood is not always contained within vessels, flowing freely in body cavities.
Hemoglobin
A protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen for transport in the bloodstream.
Essential Nutrients
Nutrients that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through diet.
Metabolic Rate
The rate at which the body uses energy to maintain life functions.
Hydrostatic Skeleton
A structure composed of fluid-filled compartments that provide support and enable movement in some animals.
Exoskeleton
A rigid external covering that provides support and protection to an organism.
Endoskeleton
An internal skeleton that supports the body and allows for movement.
Toll-like Receptor (TLR)
A protein that plays a key role in the innate immune system, recognizing pathogens.
PAMPs
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns that signal the presence of pathogens to the immune system.
Antibody
A protein produced by the immune system that binds to specific antigens.
MHC Proteins
Major histocompatibility complex proteins that present antigens to T cells in immune responses.
Neuroendocrine Cells
Cells that receive neural signals and release hormones into the bloodstream.
Anterior Pituitary Gland
The front part of the pituitary gland that secretes hormones influencing various bodily functions.
Estrous Cycle
A reproductive cycle in female mammals characterized by recurring phases of estrus.
Menstrual Cycle
A monthly cycle in females involving the preparation of the uterine lining for potential pregnancy.
Polarity in Fertilized Eggs
The intrinsic asymmetry in fertilized eggs that determines axes of development.
Cleavage
The series of rapid mitotic divisions that occur after fertilization, forming a multicellular embryo.
Blastula Stage
An early embryonic stage characterized by a hollow ball of cells surrounding a fluid-filled cavity.