Strong Acid and Solubility Rules

Acid #1

HCl – hydrochloric acid

Acid #2

HBr – hydrobromic acid

Acid #3

HI – hydroiodic acid

Acid #4

HNO₃ – nitric acid

Acid #5

HClO₄ – perchloric acid

Acid #6

HClO₃ – chloric acid

Acid #7

H₂SO₄ – sulfuric acid (only the first H⁺ dissociates fully)

Weak Acid #1

CH₃COOH (Acetic acid)

Weak Acid #2

HF (Hydrofluoric acid)

Weak Acid #3

H₂CO₃ (Carbonic acid)

Weak Acid #4

H₃PO₄ (Phosphoric acid)

Weak Acid #5

H₂C₂O₄ (Oxalic acid)

Weak Acid #6

C₄H₆O₆ (Tartaric acid)

Weak Acid #7

C₆H₈O₇ (Citric)

Weak Base #1

NH₃ (Ammonia)

Solubility Rule #1

Alkali metal cation and ammonium always are soluble

Solubility Rule #2

Compounds containing the nitrate(NO₃^-), acetate(C₂H₃O₂^-), or chlorate(ClO₃^-) are always soluble.

Solubility Rule #3

Compounds containing the chloride ion (Cl^-), bromide ion, (Br^-), or iodide ion (I^-) are always soluble expect if they have Ag⁺, HG₂²⁺, or Pb²⁺

Solubility Rule #4

Compounds containing the sulfate ion (SO₄^2-) are always soluble expect with Ag⁺, Hg₂²⁺, Pb²⁺, Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, or Ba²⁺

Insolubility Rule #1

Compounds containing the carbonate ion (CO₃^2-), phosphate ion (PO₄^3-), chromate ion (CrO₄^2-) or sulfide ion (S^2-) expect when containing Li⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺, Cs⁺, or NH₄⁺

Insolubility Rule #2

Compounds containing the hydroxide ion (OH^-) expect when it contains Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺, Cs⁺, or Ba²⁺.

What are strong bases comprised of?

hydroxides from group 1 and heavy metals from group 2.

Oxidation Number Rule #1

Fluorine = -1

Oxidation Number Rule #2

Group #1 = +1

Oxidation Number Rule #3

Group #2 = +2

Oxidation Number Rule #4

Hydrogen = +1 (Except if paired with any rule higher on list)

Oxidation Number Rule #5

Oxygen = -2 (Except if paired with any rule higher on list)

Oxidation Number Rule #6

Group #17 = -1(Except if paired with any rule higher on list)

Oxidation Number Rule #7

Pure Elements = 0

Oxidation Number Rule #8

Cl, Br, I = -1(Except if paired with oxygen, fluorine, NaCl, or ClO)

What is the formula for enthalpy of formation?

ΔHrxn∘​= ∑nΔHf∘​(products)−∑nΔHf∘​(reactants)

Formula for heat

q=mcΔT

What is the formula for dilution?

M1​V1​=M2​V2​