Human Parasitology ex1 uf kima

Phylum Sarcomastigophora

flagella, psuedopodia/ both

Subphylum Sarcodina

prtoplasmic flow w/o discrete pseudopodia

Sarcodina Entamoeba

dysentery, liver abscess

Sarcodina Naegleria (brain eating)

CNS symptoms

Sarcodina acanthamoeba

corneal presentation, skin rashes

Mastigophora

motile stage —. trophozoites, 1-3 flagella

Mastigophora leishmania

cutaneou, visceral, leihmaniasis

Mastigophora Trypanosoma

sleeping sickness, chagas disease

mastigophora giardia

diarrhea

Mastigophota Trichomonas

vaginits

Ciliophora

simple OR compound cilia, 2 types of nuclei

Ciliophora Balantidium

dystentery, largesst protoza

Apicomplexa

apical complex-micronemes, conoids

Apicomplexa plasmodium

malaria

Apicomplexa cryptospordium

diarrhea

apicomplexa toxoplasma

CNS symptoms

apicomplexa babesai

babesiosis

Size of protozaes

• 1-150 um

• smaller members —> intracellular parasites, 1-12 um

• Larger members —> extracellura parasiets, 9-50

  • largest member —> ciliate B. Coli

Plasma membrane

• eukaryotic

• Plasamalemma —> thin membrane

• microtubulesl ine outer membrane —. subpecllicular microtubules

Cytoplasm

• ectoplasm —> outer transporter layer

• Endoplasm —. inner fluid

• cytostome —> cell mouth for ingesting fluids

  • seen in cilitaes

  • fagella pockests —. serve same function

• contractile vacuoles

  • presumably for osmoregulation

  • sarcodiancs and ciliates

Flagellum/cillium

• membrane that continuouts w/plasma membrane

• inner tube made of microtubules’

• bsaal body of flagellum → 9 triples, nothing in center

• flagellar rod -→ 9+2 arrangement, 9 pairs around and 1 pair in center

  • linked by DYNEIN arms —> E for flagellar contraction linked by RADIAL SPOKES

Axostyle

supporting structure embedded along longitudianl axis on cytoplasm, some flagellates

Costa

rodlike strcutre, runs along base of undulating membrane

Pelta

cresection shaoed membrane, trich

Encystation

trophozite —> cysts

Cysts

• protect gaisnt unfavirbal external environemnt condtions

• site for morphogeneis and nuclear division

• infectvie/transmissible from of parste

Vesicular nucleus

• scattered chromatin

• karyosome: nuclieo like body, lacks dn in parasitics amobebas contains dna in apicomplexans,

Compact nucleus

• densley packed chromatin

• ciliteas → mactonucleas → trophic activtes and micronuclues → reproductive activites

Fission

division follows sequence → organelles then nucleus then cytoplasm

binary fission

parent gives rise to 2 progeny; divison in amoebidi, kinetriolastida

Endodyogeny

2 daughtes formed; form center od mother cells, INTERNAL BUDDING< tazoplasma

Schizogony

rapid organelle and nuc divsion, cell periphery

Merozoites

cytoplasmic segmentation form separate orgaism

Schizont/segementer

multinucleated cell

Conjugation

specialiased sexual preproduction, nuclear exchange/ union after cells join

• ciliates

Syngamy

union of entire cell -→ gametes fuse

If a parasite perfroms sexual reprodcution in a host what is that host called?

definite host

Viseral protozoa taxonomy --Amoebida

(P)Sarcomsatigophora → (SP)Sarcodina → (C)Lobosea → (O)Amobida → (G)Tubulina → (S)entamoeba, iodamoeba, endolimax OR (G)Acanthopdina -→ (S) acanthoamoeba

Viseral protozoa taxonomy --Schizopyrenida

sarcomastigophora -.> sarcodina → lobosea → schizopyrenida → naegleria → fowleri

Entamoeba histolytica

• sarcodina → lobosea → Amoeba → tubulina

• trophozoite → size: 15-60um’ 1 nuclear karysomosme CNENTRAL, fine peripheral chromatin, lose chromatin

• Cyst → 12um, 1-4 nuc; smooth chromatodia bars in cyts, faculative anaerobe, mitosomes → mitocondrion-related organelles

• Gennome size: 20 mb, 8201 predicted genes

E. histolytica- epidemiology

• 10% of world

• 100k deaths/ yr 2.2 disability-adjuseted life eyears

• distribution → tropical/subtropical regions, C/S america, Asia, Africa…

• More pathogeneis in tropics → foci of infection/isk groups → day care centers, institutianl population, male homos, travelers

• Mode of Transmission → water, feval-oral, food-borne

• luminal ameobiasia → carrier state

Amebic colitis

• intestinal disease

• caused by Entamoeba histolytica

• gastro-intestional pain, diarrhea, dysenteryn, weight loss

• invasion of colonic mucusal/lysis of mucosal epitherlium

• recruiment of inflammatory cells to lesion

• lysis of inflammatory cells/ furtjer tissue lysis/damae —> formation of flask shaped lesion

• jyperplasia → thickening of mucosa

Extranintestinal diseae

• cause by entraomeba histolytica

• Amebic liver abscess → occur in asymptomatic individuals, trophozite-inducs, kidney ce;; destruction

  • in hue vietnam

• Pulmonary amebiasai → secondary liver abscess

• brain abscess

• genitourinary ambeiasos

E. Histolytical mechanisms of pathogenesis

• parasite motility activation → pre req for initation of intestianl invasion

• tissue inflammatory respones during amoebiassi → initiated by combination of human/amoebic facotrs/ itlomatey → neutophil-mediated intestional destruction

• trophosites → make cntact w/ microbili → eats

E. histolytica mediators of pathogenesis

• attachement proteins —> 175/35 kildaton lectins -. galatose/ N-acetyl galactose inhibates lectin

• direct contact → target cell lysis

• Amoebapores → ionophore-like proteins

  • mediate cytolytic/ apoptotic effect on nutrophils/epitherla cells

• protelyic mediators → amebic cystenine prenineae

• Acid phosphates 0> target host phosphor-proteins; SAP/MAP

• complement mediated lysis protection

  • express CD59- like GPT anchored moleculs, surface proteins inhibit membrane attack complex

  • e/hystilytica interact w/mucus layer causes lysis and encystation and reaches epithelial cell layer under mucus layer

  • Proteolytic molecules w/survafe proteins

E. histolytica diagnosis, treatment, prevention

Diagnosisa

• microscopic: ID characters CYSTS in STOOLS

• trophozoites → containingblood cells, diarrheic stools

• Serology: anti-amebis antibody, immunoassasy, anti-ameoba antibody not present in E.dispar infections

• Antigen detection in feces

• Molecular anaylsi: PCR of feces samples detect parasite DNA

• clincal symptoms: blood stool, gatro-intstional pain, dehydration, weight loss

Prevention

• eradiated contaminated food/water

  • boil = kill cyts

  • resiss to low doses of CL -. halid etablets

• avoid practices allowing fecal-oral contact

  • improve sanitaton in instituation

  • modification of sexual practices

Treatment

• drug: Metronidazole → flagyl

Naegleria Fowleri taxonomy

Sarcodina → lovosea → Schizopyrenida → naegleria

Naeglerai Fowleri

• Cysts: 9um plugged, NOT FOUND IN HUMANS

• Thermophillica → 45 degree C

• brain eating

• Free-living

• distrubution: Worldwide; pllutes thermal/warm bodis of closed off water, lake/ponds

  • high Antibodies found in young adults in S. USA

• Primary amebic meningoencephalitis

  • trophozites —> c=found in CSF< high neutrophil count, NO CYSTS

  • incubateion 5-7 dys

  • AMEBOSTOMES: sucker like appendages, nibble at tissue culture cells

  • infection NOT dependetn on health status

Acanthamoeba spp.

• free living amoeba, found in water/soil

• Trophozoites → pointy pseudopodia

• Cysts → angular

• BOTH FORMS FOUND IN HUMANS

Acanthamoeba Keratits

Eye

• healthy individuals

• contamined contact lens

• corneal infections, cloudy eye, looks infected

Skin

• causes Granulomatous disese -. immunocomprimised,

• Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis → skin lesion, brain lesions

  • Ancathamoeba trophozirtes and cytscs in humans

diagnosis

• microscopic observation of CSF/biposy

Flagellates taxonomy → retortamonadida

Sarcomastigophora → mastigophora → zoomastigophorea → retortamondadid → chilomastic, retormonas, enteromonas

Flagellates taxonomy → diplomonadida

Sarcomstigophora → mastigophora → zoomastigophrea -. diplomonadida -. diplomonadina → giardia

Flagellates taxonomy → trichomonadida

Sarcomastigophora → mastigophora → zoomastigophorea → trichomonadida → dientamoeba , trichomonas, pentatrichomonsas

Giardia lambila aka G.dupdenalis aka G. intestialis —> pathogenic

sarcomstigophora -. mastiogophora → zoomastigphorea → diplomonadida → diplomonadina → giardia → lambila

• trophozites: binary fission in stomach, 2 nucs, 4 pairs of flagella, looks like a face, 12-15 um long, 5-9 um wide, axosytel, parabaslal median; genome size: 11.7 MB 4500 protein coding genes

• cysts: oval shape, flagella retract, cytoplam condense, thin/tough membrane forms cyts wall, 4 nuc, nuclear division from immature -. mature

  • INFECTIOUS FORM

  • Adhesive disks: microtubules/microfilamaents

    • adhere to sm intests/ other surfaces,

Giardia lambil life cycle

• from many differnet sources, food, water, hands infected with cysts,

• once injected cyts → trophozite → binary fission incrase infection —> attaches to small intestiens → transform back to syts → passed in feces→ fatty stools

Giardia lamblia- epidemiology

• backpackers disease/diahreas found in streasm → boil water

• most prevelant intestinal parasite

• ommin in 6-10 yrs, daycare centers, homos

• seen in beavers

• locals seem to have little reaction to parasite

• IgA: found in inestinal tissue, need for protection asgisnt giarida

  • IgA defeins -. more suseptibal

Giardia lambil pathogensis/ mediators

mechanism

• incubation 1-2 weeks before sympomts

• prolongerd durtion of darrhea

• sit in lumen of sm int nut neber penetrate -. cause shortening of vili, redce absorption → diarrhea/weight loss

• malabsortbtion of fats, fat soluble substance, vit b 12, shortend of vili, location of baceteri

• Stool: very fatty, smelly, Steatorrhea

• may affect bile ducsr/gallbladder

• Nitric oxide reactive speace → control giardai

  • Giardia can bloc and protect against nitric oxide by using the argetine used to make nitric oxide

Mediatros

• distruption of brush border

  • rubbing of disc/succker causin iritatin/limit absotbtion

• IgA protes → target igA immune respomse, protect/establich seld

• Variable surface glycoprotein → antigenic vairiation

• Consumtion of arginine effect on NO3 oroduction

  • needed to generate nitci oxide

• Giarda -. take argine for self to make somponents of cysts walls prevetning nitric oxide

• parstei sits in jejunum → affects fat uptake

Giardia lamblia- diagnosis/prevention

• parasite in stool smaples

  • cysts hard to find need multiple smaples

• detection of parasite anfitgens

  • acquire immunity to infection

• prevention => limit exposure to contamind water/food

Chilomastic menili

• sarcomastigophora → mastigophora → zoomastigophrea → retromonadida → chilomastix → menili

• flagellates, found in stools as CYSTS, not cause of discomotf

• NON-PATHOGENIC

• worldwide distribution

• inhabit cecal region of lg. int

• trophozite → single nuce, 3 flagella, sprial groove, food vaculoues,

• Cysts -. INFECTIVE STAGE< le,om sghped, single nuc

• not cause of diarrhea

Retottomomas intensitalis

• sarcomastigophora → mastigophorea -. zoomastigophrea → retromonadia → retormonas -. intesnitlis

• NON-PATHOGENIC

• worldwide districbutoon

• lg. intestiens

• cyts: pear shaped, single nuc

• not cause of discomfot

Enteromonas hominis

• sarcomastigphora -. mastigophorea → zoomastigophrea → retrotomnasdiada → enteromoas →hominis

• NON-PATHOGENIC
  celca are of lg. int

• Cyts: oval 2 nucles, maybe 4

• cysts found in stool, not cause of discomfort

Dientamoeba fragilis

• sarcinomastigophora → mastigophora → zoomastigophorea → Trichomonadia→ dientamoeba -→ fragilis

• distribution → worldwide

• only amoeboid form of parasite

• in cecum/upper colon

• size 6-12 um

• 2 nuc w/ larysome w/ 4 distinct granulues

• belived cause of irritation of mucosa

• non-invasive/pathogenic

• transmitted → w/ egg of nematode Enterobius vermicularis → seen w/ pinworm infections inchildten

• flahe;;ated trophozite from not usually found in humansa

• cause of irritation of lg. int,

Trichomonas taxonomy

• sarcomastogphora → mastigpophorea → zoomastigophpra → trichomonadia → trichomoonas

Trichomonas vaginalis

• vaginal/urogenital → found in men/women

• changes pH from 4.5 → 6

• trophozite: very active/motile

  • 9-23 um length, 2um width

• NO CYSTS

Trichomonas vaginalis epidemiology

• sexually transmitte → most common non viralSTI _> suggests sexual asutalt/abuse

• distribution: worldwide

• men→ asymptamatic, can get UTI infection

• 18-50% of women with/ vaginal complaints have trich -. highest inciden in women w/ 1+ parners

• surive in moist nvironment

• incubation 5-28 days

• begin during menstral period

• NO CYSTS

Trichomonas vaginalis - pathogenesis

• binary fission

• raises ph 4.5-6

• damage epithelical cells -. microulcerations

• Actiates complemet → attract neutrophils -. refactoruy to netrophil oxidative burts

• Men: infect urethra/para urtheral glans -. ysurian ,sweeling of prostate glands

• Gestation trich/ vaginal emphysematosa → gas filled blebs in vag walls

• pelvis inflammatoyr diseae/ infertility

Trichomani vaginalis - diagonsis/treatmetn/prevention

• vaginal smear/urine → lost of WBC

• yellpowish dishagre, persitnetinf itching/burning

• prevetion → use condoms

• Treatment -. resstoration of vaginas ph to 4.5

• Drug → mentonidazole, also for giardia

Trichomonas hominis

• lg. intesitnes

• 5 free flagellar

• unknow pathofenes

• transmission → thru fecal/oral troute

• diagnosi → ID parawsite in feces

Trichomonas Tenax

p- oral/mouth/nasopharyngeal region

size 5-6 um by 2-15 um

Diagnosis → id parste in sptem saliva smear

Transmitted → trhu kissing/sharing contaminated unteisnilas/drinks

prevention -. practice prope hygiene

Trichomonas structure

• flagella

• recurrent flagellum

• costa

• axostyle -. runs trhu length of body

• HYDROGENOSOME: organelle,vonly found in trich, hydrogen acceptor of electrons in nerobic respiration

  • pyruvate -. enters → froms acetyle coA

  • Hydrgoenafse catalyzes froamte of molecular hydroehne thru reduction

  • Produces? →

Metronidazole

• treats ANAEROBES, bacteria, parascite, E.hystolitica, G.Labil, trich

• Mechanismas

  • endery of drug in cell

  • reactive group activated by reduction by FERRODOXIN-LIKE and FLAVODIXN- like proteins

    • low redox potetial electron transport proteins

  • intremediate formed → toxic, damges DNA and macromoleces

  • reduction of drug maintains gradient drives drug uptake

• treats → T.vaginalis, E. histolytica, G. lambila, B.Coli, H.pylori, C.spp., Clostridium spp., bacterioid spp., Fuscobacterium spp., G. vaginalis, Desulfavibro spp.

Balantidium coli taxonomy

• ciliophora -. intramacronucleatsa → litosomatea → trichostomatia → vestibuliferida → balantidiidae → balantioides → coli

Balantidiu coli

• size: 50-200 um

• cilia, persitome, cystomse

• contractile vaculouts and food valulose

• macronuc/micronuc

• CYTS: 40-60 um retracted cilia,

Balantidiu coli- epidemiology/pathogenesis

• tropic locations

• pigs/mokeys → resivoirs of B cells

• acuired by ingesting CYSTS

• colonize Lg. int

• most asymptamatic

• balantidital dysentery → intermittent watery diarrhea w/stools continins mucus/blood

• malnorurished more suseptible

• rately extraintestianl spread

• diagnosis → trophozites (found in diarrheic stools)

  • Cysyts → in feces

Hydrogenosome

• trich

• E production → pyruvate meta,

• lacks DNA → chromoes, and kreb cycle

• anaerobic

Neglected tropical disease

• preveanlt in tropical areas, impoverdished communits, devatsing health, social and economic consequences

• absemt from global health agenda, little resources, ignored by global funding agencies, disease of negelected pops that perpeute cycle of poor educational outcomes and limit prof opps —. stimga/socail exclusions

• chagas disease, sleeping sickeness, leishmaniasa, hookworm, etc.

Where do b and t cells mature

b cells → bone marrow

T cells → thymus

Epitope

antigenic determinant; part of antigen branch that t cells recognize

The affinit and magnitude of a reaction and its respective antibodies and T cells ______ with every exposure

increase

Colonal Selection theory

• antigenic specific immune respone initated and sustaines

• B/T cells → recognise AG and commited to producing Ab that recgonize AG epitope in absence of ag

• b cell recognizes selection of Ag and under goes colonal expancsion cell w/ ag replicates and activares naive cell release AB

• increase affinity of ag → affinity maturation

Antibody function

• oposinzation of particles → flag as non self for ab to attack

• complement activation

• direct bidning -. neutralize viruses/toxins by attaching and killin

• ab-dependedt cell cytotoxcicty → bind and activate of target cells lead to killing pathogens

• direct activity on microbes- . block nutrient pathways

• inflammaroty res[oonse

Tcytotoxic cells —> CD_ —> MHC __

CD8, MHCI

• all cells except RBCS, expressed on exposure of inflammatory cytokine interferony

Thelper cells → CD_ → MHC__

CD4, MHCII

• activated by macrophages, neutrophils

Tc and Th bind to _____ displyaed by H+MHCI/II

antigens

Plasma cells secreting

IgE, basophils, mast cells

IL-17 has an unknow role in ______

worm expulsion