Chem 103 Final Definitions

density

physical property of matter and is defined as mass per unit volume

volume

can be determined from linear measurements or from displacement of a liquid (using a graduated cylinder)

• regular geometry is determined directly from linear measurements (pi)(r^{2 )}(h)

• irregular objects is determined by displacement of a liquid

hydrate

a compound that has a defined number of water molecules incorporated into its fundamental solid structure

anhydrate

when the waters of hydration are removed, the material is said to be anhydrous

all metal carbonates and bicarbonates:

react with acids to produce a metal salt and carbonic acid, H2CO3

theoretical yield

calculated maximum amount of a product from a particular reaction that can be obtained from a given amount of reactions

actual yield

measured amount of product that is actually obtained from the reaction. often less than the theoretical yield

percent yield

value which specifies how much of the theoretical yield was obtained from a particular reaction. The ratio of the actual yield to the theoretical yield multiplied by 100

volatile liquids

liquids that evaporate (vaporize) readily at normal prssures and temperatures

chemical reaction

transformation of one or more substances into one or more new substances

• in a reaction, the atoms of the reacting substances will rearrange and bond to give new substances

• the new substances will have different physical and chemical properties from the initial substances

• chemical reactions are symbolically represented by chemical equations

neutralization

an acid reacts with a base to produce a salt and possibly water

precipitation

two aqueous solutions react to form an insoluble product

oxidation

chemical processes involving the transfer of electrons

• also known as redox reactions

precipitate

normally settles to the bottom of the reaction mixture as a collection of particles/

• the formation(or disappearance) of an insoluble solid

• reaction can be evidenced by the disappearance of a solit

observations of a reaction

• evolution of a gas

• formation or disappearance of an insoluble solid called a precipitate

• a color change

• evolution of absorption of heat

litmus paper

indicator paper coated with a substance (litmus) which undergoes a color change in the presence of acids and bases

red litmus paper

used to check for bases, turns blue when dipped into a basic solution

blue litmus paper

used to check for acids, turns red when dipped into an acidic solution

reaction matrix

an effective method for tabulating the observations from chemical reactions

• cells where identical solutions are being mixed are shaded because nothing results from this type mixture