Biological Macromolecules, Chemistry of Life, and the Origin of Life Flashcards

Comprehensive fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering studying life, atomic structure, small molecules, biological macromolecules (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids), and origin of life concepts.

Tyrone Hayes studies agricultural pesticides such as __________ that impact amphibian breeding and reproduction.

$$\text{atrazine}$$

Earth formed __________ billion years ago, though life did not evolve for another 600 million years or more.

$$4.6\text{ to }4.5$$

Photosynthetic prokaryotes produced oxygen gas, leading to the formation of the __________ layer about 500 million years ago which absorbed damaging UV radiation.

$$\text{ozone (O}_3\text{)}$$

A specific segment of DNA that contains information for making a protein is called a __________.

gene

The maintenance of a narrow range of internal environmental conditions that support survival is known as __________.

homeostasis

In a controlled experiment, the factor being manipulated by the researcher is called the __________ variable.

independent

In the phylogenetic tree shown below, all multicellular plants, animals, and fungi belong to the domain __________.

Eukarya

The mass of one proton or one neutron is equal to 1 atomic mass unit, also known as 1 __________.

dalton

Forms of an element with different numbers of neutrons and different mass numbers are called __________.

isotopes

An electron orbital is a region where an electron is found at least __________ percent of the time.

$$90$$

The tendency of atoms to form stable molecules resulting in eight electrons in their outermost shell is called the __________ rule.

octet

The attractive force that an atomic nucleus exerts on shared electrons in a covalent bond is called __________.

electronegativity

Positively charged ions are known as cations, while negatively charged ions are called __________.

anions

One mole of any substance contains a constant number of molecules equal to Avogadro's number, which is __________.

$$6.02 \times 10^{23}$$

Molecules with the same chemical formula whose atoms are arranged differently are known as __________.

isomers

Monomers are joined together into polymers through __________ reactions, which remove a water molecule.

condensation

The terminal sulfhydryl group of the amino acid __________ can react with another side chain of its kind to form a disulfide bridge.

cysteine

The primary structure of a protein consists of its specific sequence of __________.

amino acids

Secondary protein structures include the right-handed coil called an $\alpha$ helix and the aligned sheet structure called a __________.

$$\beta\text{ pleated sheet}$$

Specialized proteins called __________ help prevent denatured or newly made proteins from binding to the wrong molecules during folding.

chaperones

In carbohydrates, monosaccharides are linked together by covalent bonds called __________ linkages.

glycosidic

Triglycerides consist of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule by __________ linkages.

ester

A nucleotide consists of three components: a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a __________ base.

nitrogenous

In the diagram of nucleotide chemistry shown below, Adenine and Guanine belong to the fused double-ring base group called __________.

purines

Nucleotides in a single strand of nucleic acid are linked together by __________ bonds.

phosphodiester

The combination of transcription and translation to generate polypeptides from genes is called __________.

gene expression

The experiment depicted below disproved spontaneous generation and was conducted in 1668 by __________.

Francesco Redi

In the 1950s, Miller and Urey tested chemical evolution by using an experimental atmosphere composed of $H_2$, $NH_3$, $CH_4$, and __________.

$$\text{H}_2\text{O}$$

According to timeline models, the RNA world originated approximately __________ billion years ago during the Precambrian period.

$$3.8$$

Indigenous peoples of Vancouver Island prepare the underground bulb of the __________ flower by baking it in fire pits to convert inulin into digestible mono- and disaccharides.

camas

The fat-rich fish __________ contains 20 percent fat by body weight and was traditionally essential to First Nations diets.

ooligan

In sickle cell anemia, a single amino acid substitution occurs in the $\beta$ chain of __________.

hemoglobin