Ap Bio Unit 1

What makes water a polar molecule?

Oxygen is more electronegative and pulls electrons toward itself, giving O a partial negative charge and H a partial positive charge.

What is a hydrogen bond?

An attraction between a partially positive H and an electronegative atom with a partial negative charge.

What is cohesion?

The ability of water molecules to stick to each other.

What is adhesion?

The ability of water molecules to stick to other substances.

What causes capillary action?

The interaction of cohesion and adhesion.

What is surface tension?

A property created by cohesion that makes the surface of water act like an invisible film.

What does high specific heat mean?

Water must absorb or release a large amount of heat to significantly change temperature.

What is high heat of vaporization?

Water requires a large amount of heat to change from liquid to gas.

How does sweating cool the body?

Sweat evaporates, removing heat and cooling the organism.

What does hydrophilic mean?

Water-loving; has an affinity for water.

What does hydrophobic mean?

Water-fearing; does not have an affinity for water.

What is a buffer?

A substance that minimizes changes in pH.

What is matter?

Anything that takes up space and has mass.

What is an element?

A substance that cannot be chemically broken down into other substances.

What determines an element’s identity?

Its number of protons, which is its atomic number.

What is an isotope?

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

What are valence electrons?

Electrons in the outermost shell that determine an element’s chemical behavior.

What is a covalent bond?

A bond in which atoms share electrons.

What is a polar covalent bond?

A covalent bond where electrons are shared unequally.

What is a nonpolar covalent bond?

A covalent bond where electrons are shared equally.

What is an ionic bond?

A bond formed through the gain or loss of electrons.

What is a cation?

A positively charged ion that has lost electrons.

What is an anion?

A negatively charged ion that has gained electrons.

Why is carbon important to life?

Carbon has 4 valence electrons and can form 4 covalent bonds, allowing it to create many different molecules.

What are isomers?

Compounds with the same numbers of the same atoms but different structures.

What are the 7 major functional groups?

Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, and methyl.

What is a macromolecule?

A large biological or polymer made from smaller subunits called monomers

What are the 3 macromolecules?

Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

Are lipids macromolecules?

No

What is dehydration synthesis?

A reaction that combines molecules by removing water

What is hydrolysis?

A reaction that breaks molecules apart by adding water

What elements make up carbohydrates?

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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