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Selective attention
Focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
Inattentional blindness
Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
Change blindness
Failing to notice changes in the environment; a form of inattentional blindness
Perceptual set
A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another; our expectations and experience can influence our interpretation
Perception
The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information to recognize objects and events.
Bottom-Up Processing
Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information.
Top-Down Processing
Perception guided by expectations and prior knowledge.
Schema
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets info; concepts that help us to organize and interpret the world
Gestalt Psychology
Focuses on how we perceive whole forms.
Closure
Perceiving complete images despite missing parts.
Figure Ground
The organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground).
Proximity
The principle that objects close to each other are perceived as a group.
Depth Perception
see in 3d with BOTH eyes
Visual Cliff
involves an apparent, but not actual, drop from one surface to another
Binocular cues
convergence, retinal disparity
Convergence
muscles strain in as object gets closer with both eyes open
Retinal Disparity
difference in perspective from each eye, which creates sense of depth with BOTH eyes
Monocular cues
linear perspective, interposition, texture gradient, relative size, relative clarity
Relative clarity
Objects that appear sharp, clear, and detailed are seen as closer than more hazy objects
Relative size
monocular depth cue that refers to the comparison of the sizes of two objects to determine which is closer or farther away
Texture gradient
Depth cue from surface texture changes as distance increases.
Linear perspective
type of depth prompt that the human eye perceives when viewing two parallel lines that appear to meet at a distance
Interposition
Monocular cue that refers to the perception that an object is farther away when it is partially or completely covered by another object
Perceptual constancies
The ability to perceive objects as having consistent properties, such as size, shape, and color, even when the object is viewed from different angles, distances, or lighting
Constancy
color, shape, or size always stays the same despite environmental changes
Perceptual adaptation
The brain's ability to adjust and adapt to changes in sensory input over time
Apparent motion
Two stationary objects appear to move when presented in quick succession
Stroboscopic movement
Makes objects appear to move in a way that's different from reality
Phi phenomenon
blinking lights appear to move
Autokinetic effect
illusion that still object is moving
Concept
Mental groupings of similar objects
Prototype
Best example of an idea
Assimilation
interpreting new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
Accommodation
adapting our current schemas (understandings) to incorporate new info
Executive functions
Mental processes (executive functioning skills) that help you set and carry out goals
Algorithm
methodical, logical rule or procedure that is slower but guarantees a solution to a problem
Heuristic
simple strategy (mental shortcut), quicker than algorithm but much more error-prone
Representativeness heuristic
judge likelihood of events based on how well they represent prototype
Availability heuristic
judge likelihood of things based on how readily they come to mind
Mental set
Approach a problem in a certain way, often based on a familiar solution or past experience
Priming
Exposure to one stimulus may influence a response to a subsequent stimulus, without conscious guidance or intention
Framing
Decision is influenced by how the information is presented rather than what is being said.
Gambler’s fallacy
The false belief that If an event has occurred several times before in the past, it will occur less often in the future.
Sunk-cost fallacy
reluctancy to abandon something due to how much someone has put into it
Functional fixedness
limited ability to use object for purpose other than what it’s intended
Confirmation bias
seeing evidence that follows one’s bias despite contrasting evidence also being present
Fixation
The inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective; an impediment to problem-solving.
Intuition
effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thoughts instead of systematic reasoning
Belief perseverance
The tendency to cling to one's beliefs even when faced with contrary evidence.
Creativity
the ability to produce new and novel ideas
Divergent thinking
expanding the number of possible problem solutions; creative thinking that diverges in different directions
Convergent thinking
narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
Cocktail Party Effect
Focusing on one conversation in a noisy place.
Similarity
The principle that objects that are similar in appearance are perceived as a group.
