AP U.S History Unit 1 - Colonial America

In 1492 how many people lived in the Americas

Around 54 million people lived in societies in the Americas

What were the major socitiets in Central and South America

The Aztecs and Incas

What were the main agricultural products which contributed to the growth of native American cities

Corn

What was a major native American state in North America

Missipian Culture

What were the main ways that native Americans lived in

Small Scattered tribal groups - who were nomadic

Who were the Iriquouis confederation and what were their significance

Alliance of native american tribles - closest thing to a centralized government in pre-colonial North America

What was the significance of Matralineal culture in native American socities

It was a major player in the development of social structures due to the importance placed on the cultivation of agriculture

What was the attitude of Native Americans to the natural world

They revered the native world and did not exploit the land for the sake of it

Why did the Europeans sail west?

They had developed a taste for Asian goods following interactions such as the crusades, however, they were very expensive as they recieved them thorugh “middle men” as to buy the goods they desire at a cheaper rate

What innovations allowed Europeans to go around Africa to reach Asia

The Caravel, magnetic compass, and better map making

What nation circumnavigated Africa and what did they do along the coast of Africa?

It was the Portugese and they set up trading post colonies and traded gold and silver

Why were slaves mixed into groups with slaves from other culture

To inhibit revolt as people couldn’t communicate with one another

What did the Portugese set up and make slaves work on

Sugar cane plantations

What was the plantation system

Based on large-scale commercial agriculture ad exploitation of slave labour - adopted from Arabs and Afrcian traditions

Why did Spain join the race to find a new route to Asia?

They saw the riches brought back by sailors as Bartolomew Dias, and Vasco de Gama and wanted to get in on the riches

What happened in Spain in 1492

The final hold out in Spain was conquered, consolidating the realm

What was the Columbian Exchange

Transfer of goods, animals, people, and diseases between the old and new worlds

What goods went from the old to new world

Wheat, Sugar, rice coffee, horses, smallpox, influenza

What goods went from the new to old world

Gold, cor, potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco, sphyillis

What did the Columbian exchange do to the European diet

It completely revolutionized it

What impact did horses have on native american society

led to the development of highly mobile and allow those who were mounted to suppress unmounted people

What crop was suited to the climate of the new world

Sugar cane - helped fuel the sugar cane revolution

What did the sugar cane revolution lead to

African slaves forced to work in the new world to fuel this sugar revolution

What did the Treaty of Tordesillas do? (1494)

Divided the world between Spain and Portugal

What was the Encomienda system?

Allowed the spanish to force the natives into labour - in all but name it was slavery - the indians worked in the promise of baptism

Who was Barolomew de las Casas

He was a Spanish Jesuit who was appalled by the treatment of the natives

Who was Hernan Cortes

Conquistador - conquered the Aztecs - utilised the discontent of the Aztec tributaries to take them out

What happened to the Aztec population after being conquered

It rapidly dropped from 20 million to 2 million - due to smallpox

Who was Francisco Piazzaro

He conquered the Incas

Why did the conquistadors invade the Americas

For gold and silver

What did the gold and silver looted in the new world cause in the Old world

The price revolution

What was the price revolution

Prices in Europe skyrocketed - fed the development of Capitalism - trade with Asia increased

Who was Vasco Nunez Balbon and who was Ferdinad magellen

Vasco: discovered the pacific

Ferdinand: Circumnavigated the globe

Who was Juan Ponce de Leon and who was Francisco Corcnado

Juan: Explored Florida

Francisco: Explored the Grand Canyon

What was the Casta System

It was the hierarchial system present in the New World - Spanish colonies - Penisulares at the top - Slaves at the bottom

Who was John Cabot

Italian explorer hired by the English to explore the Northeast coast of the Americas

Who was Jacques cartier

Hired by the French to explore the Lawrence river

Why did the Spanish constructed fortresses in the New World?

To maintain control over the natives and keep their conversion efforts alive - and block the French from possibly expanding

What was the significance of the Battle of Acoma

Exemplification of harsh treatment by the Spanish against the Pueblo - cut one foot off of all captured

What was Pope’s rebellion and what was its significance (1680)

Following efforts to convert the natives by suppressing local religions led to the killing of church officals, destruction of churches, and building of native temples

What happened to native culture following many of their conversion to Christianity

They lost toutch with their native culture and languages - lost to history

What was the Black Legend

Story started by other European powers that stated the idea that the Spanish were blood thirsty conquerors and nothing else - tried to undermine their power

What did the rivalry between the English and the Spanish entail?

Conflicts over religion: Protestant V.S Catholicism

Who were the Sea Dogs

Privateers who were supported by Elizabeth I - they would raid and plunder Spanish ships of resources from the New World

What was Roanoke Island and what was the result

First attempt by the English to colonize North America headed by Sir Walter Raleigh - it failed and the inhabitants all dissapered and vanihed

What was the significance of the defeat of the Spanish Armada for England (1588)

Marked the end of Spanish ascendency in regards to empire building - Netherlands took most of the Spanish carribean holdings

Why was England set for dominance in the New World following the defeat of the Spanish Armada

It was united religiously, (Protestantism) politcally, and nationally (national pride following the defeat of the Armada)

What were the three main reasons as to why people in England were willing to move to the New World

1. The Enclosure Movement: Farmers and Lords consolidated their land and kicked off people who were using their shared land - led to the displacment of many

2. Depression of Woolen Trade - Puritan farmers lost jobs and wandered England as beggars

3. Primogeniture - the estate and glory went primarily to the first son of the family, so the other sons looked for glory elsewhere

What idea developed from the amount of displaced people in England

The idea of a surplus population - England had too many people that needed to be moved elsewhere

What development financially backed colonies in the New World

Joint-Stock Companies

What were Joint-Stock Companies

People would invest in a adventure such as establishing a colony and if it was successful would reap the returns - but if it failed then because there were so many backers they would be protected

What was the Virgina Company

A joint-stock company that was given a charter by James I for a settlement in North America

Why did the Virginia company have to succeed quickly when it came to establishing a colony

Because otherwise the venture would be abandonded

What did the Virgnina companies charter guarentee

That the settlers in the New World would recieve the same rights as Englishmen - guarenteed the Virgnina companies monopoly to establish colonies in that region

Why did the colonists initally struggle upon establishing Jamestown

Many starved as the clonists were not used to fending for themselves and many were more obbseesed with finding gold then dealing with the food supply

How did John Smith save Jamestown from destruction

He took control in 1608 and whipped them into shape by enforcing strict laws - he also secured help from the natives who supplied them with foodstuffs and taught them how to grow crops

What happened to Jamestown in 1610

The colonists attempted to abandon Jamestown as they were disseased and hungry - they were then met by a relief ship which ordered them back - this relief ship was led by Lord De La Warr who introduced a harsh millitary regime

What was the First Anglo-Powhatan War (1610) and what was its signifcance

Lord De La Warr led a destructive conflict agaisnt the natives - ordered by the Virginia company - they raided farms, food supplies, and towns - it ended with John Rolfe marrying Pocahontus

What was the proclamation of no peace (1622)

Following Indian raids killing 347 colonists this proclamation was issued

What was the Second Anglo-Powhatan War (1644) and what was its significance

The Indians attempted to dislodge the English from Jamestown but they were defeated and expelled from their homeland

What did the Census of 1669 reveal about the native population of Virgnina and in 1685 what happened to the Powhatan

Only 2,000 Indians remained - that was 10% of the population in 1607 - in 1685 the native powhatan were considered extinct by the English

Why were the Powhatan so easily defeated

Sussceptible to disease, lack of a coherent resistance, and served no economic function to the English

What did the introduction of horses to native american communitites do

It led to migrations to the great plains - able to move vast distances, avoid Europeans - led to the development of nomadic hunter life

For example: Lakkotas were originally forest dwelling but moved to wide open plains

What impact did the spread of European disease have on native communities

• Extinguished cultures

• oral histories were lost

• new nations formed following the uprooting of different cultures

What happened to trade following Europeans arrival in the new world

• Barter and exchange gave way to European commerce

• Tribes also tried to get ahead of one another by purchasing European weapons

Why were the Algonquins able to force Europeans to accomidate to their ways

because they were able to consolidate thier power and adapt to Europeans

What did John Rolfe do in Virginia that saved it

In 1612 he perfected tobacco growing which economically saved Virginia as European demand for this crop was insatiable

What did the insatiable demand for tobacco cause colonists to do in Virgnina

Colonists competed for land and imported food to make space for Tobacco farms - this led to the development of the broad acre plantation system - enchained Virginia to the tobacco crop

What arrived for the first time in Virginia in 1619

The mayflower carrying 20 Africans - kickstarting slavery in North America

In 1650 how much of the population was made up of African slaves

300 - 14% of virginias population

What was the House of Burgesses and its significance

It was established in 1619 - and self government was born in the Americas as the Virginia company allowed the settlers to assemble to deal with laws

What did James I do to the Virginia company in 1624

He revoked their charter and it became a crown colony

Why was the colony of Maryland established and what was its significance

Established in 1634 by Lord Baltimore - it served as another plantation colony and as a haven for Catholics who were prosecuted in England

What was the hierarchy of Maryland like

Minorty Catholics were granted lavish properties and lived at the top of society, yet the disgruntled majority protestants looked on in envy and would eventually rebel against the catholics

What did Maryland prosper off of

Tobacco

What was indentured servitude and its significance

Poor Englishmen, who in return for seven years of servitude, were granted a small piece of land, cash, and a better life in the Americas

What were the Acts of Toleration - Maryland (1649)

Passed by Marylands local representative government, it guarented the toleration of all christians - even the Catholics - not the Jews

Why was Jamaica so critical to England

It was where sugarcane was grown and harvested - it was Englands richest colony at the time and the climate of the Americas was perfect for growing sugar - high econcomic yield

Where did the English get the labour to maintain their vast sugar plantations in Jamaica

Africa - they importet massive amounts of slaves

What was created to manage the massive slave population and what was the most important law created

Codes - formed by English settlers to keep in check the slave population - Barbaods slave code (1661) - denied basic rights to slaves and ensured complete ownership of them to their white overlords

Who were the Lord Propietors and what were their significance

They were 8 of the King Charles II favourites who were granted land in the Americas and wanted to grow foostuffs to provision the Americas

How did the Carolinas flourish economically

Developed economic ties to the West Indies - many settlers came from the West Indies and brought their slave system

Why did the Svannah Indians move to Pennsalvanyia and what was the reaction of the settlers in the Americas

They moved because they sought better relations and in turn the carolinians “thinned” the savannah Indians and undertook raids and anhiliated Indian tribles in coastal Carolina (1710)

What was the principal export in Carolina

Rice - Settlers utilised the African slaves experience with rice cultivation

Who were Squatters

Poverty stricken outcasts who were expelled from Virginia - without the legal rights to land they raised tobacco on small farms without slaves

Why did North Carolina develop a strong distaste of authority

Due to their isolated location as well as the fact that they were considered riffraff by Aristocratic Virginians

What were both North Carolina and Rhode Island considered

The least aristocratic colonies

What was the Tuscarora War and its significance

The tuscarora indians attacked the carolinas but were crushed - hundreds sold into slavery while others became part of the Iriquois confederation

What Indian tribe did South Carolina defeat

The Yanasee Indians

Why was the colony of Georgia established (1733)

It served as a buffer to protect the Carolinas from Spanish and French raids - in return it recieved subsideis from the British gov.

Who was James Oglethorpe and what did he envision the colony of Georgia to be

He founded the colony of Georgia and he envisioned it as a place to produce: Wine and Silk

He also thought it would be a place where people with outstanding debts could pay them off

Initailly slaves were not present in Georgia

What was the community of Savannah like

It served as a melting pot community - all christians (except catholics) were granted rights - many wanted to convert the natives - John Wesley founded the methodist church

Why was Georgia not able to become a plantation colony

Due to bad weather conditions

Spanish attacks

Restrictions by the British gov.

What was the goal and the makeup of Plantation colonies

They were devoted to exporting commercial agriculture (Rice and Tobacco)

Slavery was common throughout the plantation colonies

Strong aristocratic atmosphere

Broad acred outposts - in the hands of few

What was the Protestant Sect that became the theological reeof New England Puritans

Calvanism - they emphasise Predestination - nothing could prevent the life that was outlined for you

Who were the Puritans

Came from commerciaily depressed woolen districts, they believed in the idea of predestination which comforted many and led to the conversion of many others in trying times - they were also frustrated with the lack of progress made in decatholicising the English church

Who were the sepreatists and how did they end up in Plymouth

Minority of protestants that broke away from the church of England - James I grew weary of them harassed them which led to them arriving in Plymouth

What was the main reason for the Pilgrims moving to the Americas

To be rid of outside influence such as dutchification as well as persecution

Who allowed the Puritans to establish a colony in the Plymouth

The Virginia company - yet they established a colony at Plymouth which is outside of the juristiction of the company therefore they legally couldn’t establish the colony

What was the Mayflower Charter

Agreement to form a crude government and submit to the rule of the majority