BIOL 1113 (General Biology 2) Final Exam Mary Susan Potts Santone

Parazoa

Subkingdom of Animalia; consists of one phylum: Porifera

Porifera

Only phylum of animals to have cellular level organization, aka no tissues; sacklike bodies with many ostia (pores); sessile filter feeders;

Ostia

Pores in the sponge body

choanocyte

Specialized cell of sponge that functions to trap and eat small particles; cells have flagella that help

Pinacocytes

Flattened sponge cells capable of contracting to help maintain the size and structure of sponges.

Spicules

Needle like structures of silica that make up the sponge "skeleton"

Spongin

Type of tough fibrous protein that offers skeletal support to sponges

Osculum

Large opening at the top of a sponge

Archaeocytes

Amoeboid cells in sponges that can play in the role of sponge sexual reroduction

Mesophyl

Gelatinous, protein-rich matrix between the choanocytes and epithelial cells of a sponge.

Asconoid

Porifera body plan that are small, tube shaped flagellated spongocoel

Synconoid

Porifera body plan that is tubular with flagellated canals

Leuconoid

Porifera body plan that is the most complex, made of large colonial masses, and flagellated chambers

Spongocoel

Large central cavity of sponges

Sessile filter feeder

Sponges are described as this because they are anchored in place and filter nutrients from their surrounding environment

(Sponge) sexual reporduction

Porifera reproduction where sperm are released into the water and carried by water currents to fertilize the eggs of neighboring sponges.

(Sponge) asexual reproduction

Porifera reproduction where a small fragment or bud detaches from a sponge and forms a new organism

gemmule

Tough coated dormant cluster of embryonic cells produced by sponges for more favorable conditions.

Cnidaria

Phylum of animals that includes hydra, jellyfish, box jellies, sea anemones, and corals; exist in one of two different body forms: sessile polyp or motile medusa; nerve net

Radiata

Taxonomic group used to classify radially symmetric animals; includes phyla Cnidaria and Ctenophora; have only two germ layers, ectoderm and endoderm; have gastrovascular cavity and true nerve cells

Ctenophora

Phylum of animals that consists only of comb jellies; eight rows of cilia on surface (resemble combs) beat to propel them forward; colloblasts: cells on tentacles that secrete sticky substance to adhere to small prey; like cnidarians with gastrovascular cavity, but have two anal pores creating the first complete gut

polyp

Cnidarian body form that is sessile and occurs mouth up

medusa

Cnidarian body form that is motile and usually floats mouth down

gastrovascular cavity

Body cavity with single opening to the external environment where extracellular digestion takes place

cnidocytes

Stinging cells that contain nematocysts, powerful capsules with an inverted coiled and barbed thread; each of these cells has a hairlike trigger called a cnidocil on its surface

Nerve net

Interconnected neurons with no central control organ

planula larva

Free-swimming, flattened, ciliated bilaterally symmetric larval form of various cnidarian species

Mesoglea

Gelatinous substance that connects the ectoderm/epidermis and endoderm/gastrodermis in Cnidaria; in jellyfish it is enlarged and forms a transparent jelly, in coral it is very thin

Cnidaria

Hydrozoa (Portugese man-of-war), Scyphozoa (jellyfish), Anthozoa (sea anemones and corals), and Cubozoa (box jellies)

Hydrozoan (life cycle)

Class of cnidarians that form colonies of polyps enclosed by hard, chitinous covering; feeding polyps (gastrozooid) and reproductive (gonozooid)

Scyphozoa

Class of cnidarians with manubrium w/ oral lobes; stomach with pouches; life cycle: scyphistoma is polyp stage, strobilation (asexual reproduction) occurs, ephyra is larval jellyfish after separation from scyphistoma, sexual reproduction creates polyp

Sea anemones (Anthozoa)

Class of cnidarians with life cycle of polyps, no medusa; large gastrovascular cavity divided by walls of septa; ciliated groove called siphonoglyph used to create currents of water into the pharynx; pedal laceration where pedal disk can regenerate entire new organism; acontia threads for defense

Corals (anthozoa) - zooxanthellae, calcareous cup, mutualism, reefs

Class of Cnidarians that live symbiotically with zooxanthellae, have polyps that sit on a calcareous cup, reefs

Platyhelminthes/flatworms

Phylum of animals with organ-level organization, cephalization, bilateral symmetry, and ladder-type nervous system; acoelomate; triploblastic;

flukes (trematoda)

Parasitic flatworms with well developed reproductive system; usually hermaphroditic; complex life cycle

tapeworms (cestoda)

Internally parasitic worms that use a variety of organs to attach to bodies such as hooks and suckers

cephalization

Development of a body suited for forward-directional movement and a head bearing sensory appendages

excretory system

Flatworms have this that consists of protonephridia, two lateral canals with branches capped by flame cells, that are meant to maintain osmotic balance between the organism and its surroundings.

ocelli

Light sensitive eyespots on flatworms

pharynx

Part of the throat that is behind the mouth and extends to the gastrovascular cavity

Flukes (trematoda)

Parasitic flatworms with well developed reproductive system; usually hermaphroditic; complex life cycle

Plants

multicellular photosynthetic eukaryotes

Alternation of Generations (life cycle)

Life cycle for all plants where meiosis results in the formation of spores; where land plants produce two types of multicellular bodies that alternate in time: diploid spore-producing sporophyte and the haploid gamete-producing gametophyte

sporophyte

Diploid generation of plants; this generation produces haploid spores by meiosis

gametophyte

Haploid generation of plants; produced by mitosis

Nonvascular plants (bryophytes)

Liverworts, mosses and hornworts make up this group of land plants; dominant generation is their life cycle are gametophytes

mosses

Group of Bryophyta that typically grow in dense green clumps or mats, often in damp or shade;

Seedless vascular plants

Lycophytes and pteridophytes are what? This informal group diverged prior to the origin of seeds; homosporous; ie ferns

vascular tissue

Plant tissue that provides structural support and serve in conduction of water and nutrients.

Gymnosperms

Any plant that produces seeds that are exposed rather than enclosed in fruit; conifers, cycads, ginkgos, and gnetophytes; conifers

Angiosperms

A flowering plant that produces seeds enclosed in fruit/flower

monocots

Type of flowering plant; characterized by having one cotyledon, flower parts in multiples of 3s, with parallel venation, scattered vascular bundles and fibrous root system

eudicots

Type of flowering plant; characterized by having 2 cotyledons, flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5s, with net venation, ringed vascular bundles, and tap-root system

Seed

Reproductive structures with specialized structures that enclose plant embryos; produced by gymnosperms and angiosperms; components include seed coat, food reserves, and the sporophyte/embryo

Flower

A reproductive shoot; short stem that produces reproductive organs instead of leaves

Chlonorchis sinensis

Species of fluke that can infect the liver, gallbladder and bile duct; found across parts of Asia; people become infected when eating the parasite containing cysts within infected raw or undercooked fish

Schistosoma

Blood fluke that causes disease caused by infection; correlated with human waste in water

Fungi

Saprotrophic decomposers that include mushrooms, mildew, mold, morels, and yeasts

mycelium

Fungal body composed of vast network of thread-like filaments called hyphae

hyphae

A branching filament that make up the mycelium of a fungus; can be septate (partitioned by septa) or nonseptate (not partitioned by septa)

chitin

A tough polysaccharide that makes up the cell walls of fungi

fungal sexual reproduction

Way that fungi reproduce which involves four different stages: haploid hyphae, dikaryotic stage, diploid zygote, spores

asexual reproduction

Way that fungi reproduce that involves sporangium and zygospores in budding and fragmentation

Monophyletic groups

Paraphyletic groups

Polyphyletic groups

choanoflagellates

Members of the supergroup Opisthokonta, this classification of microscopic organisms are found in marine and fresh water environments, can be solitary or colonial, attached or free swimming, and have single flagellum surrounded by collar of microvillia

Lophotrochozoa

clade of animals that produce trochophore larvae, which have two bands of cilia around their middle; byrozoa, brachiopoda, mollusca, annelida, platyhelminthes, and rotifera

Ecdysozoa

Clade of animals including arthropods and nematodes characterized by the shedding of their exoskeleton

Scolex

Attachment organ at the end of head that some flatworms use to latch onto their hosts

strobila

segmented part of the body of a tapeworm that consists of a long chain of proglottids, which each contain a complete sexually mature reproductive system

Hydatid cyst

A tapeworm infection that affects the liver, lungs, brain, and other organs; results in cysts that may grow in the body before symptoms appear

Rotifera

Phylum of animals named for their corona, a crown of cilia that resembles a rotating wheel; corona serves as a organ of locomotion and directs food to mouth

mastax

Pharynx of a rotifer that contains structures used to crush food

trophi

Mouthpart of rotifers

parthenogenesis

development of diploid egg without sexual reproduction

Mollusca

Phylum of animals with three part body plan, often with a soft body protected by an external shell, reduced coelom, radula (feeding structure)

Head-foot

Muscle of mollusks adapted for locomotion, attachment, food capture, or sensory reception

Visceral mass

Structure in molluscs that sits on top of the foot and contains the internal organs

mantle

Fold of skin in molluscs that is draped over the visceral and secretes a shell and/or contributes to the development of gills or lungs

mantle cavity

Chamber in mollusks that house the delicate gills

shell

Complex, three-layered structures that are secreted by the mantle of mollusks;

radula

a unique, protrusible, tonguelike organ that has many teeth and is used to eat plants, scrape food, or bore into shells of other species and tear flesh

Gills

Filamentous organs that are specialized for gas exchange in mollusks

open (circulatory system)

Circulatory system with a heart that pumps body fluid called hemolymph through vessels and into open, fluid-filled cavities between internal organs

countercurrent exchange

In mollusks where water is carried across the gill filament in the opposite direction to the flow of hemolymph to make the uptake of oxygen more efficient

Gastropoda (univalves)

largest group of mollusks that includes snails, slugs, nudibranchs, etc.; most have one-piece shell into which individuals can withdraw to and escape predators; radula for feeding

torsion

spontaneous twisting of the visceral hump through 180° during larval development; pre/post torison results in having the anus and gills located above the head

cerata

extensions of nudibranch body (gastropods with no shells after larval stage) with nematocyst from food

Bivalves

Class of mollusks that includes mussels, clams, scallops, oysters make up this group of animals; primarily filter feeders with siphons; have shell connected by a hinge ligament, closed by powerful adductor muscles; have ciliated gills that hang down within mantle cavity on either side of visceral mass

byssal threads

Small proteinaceous ropes that extend from a mussel's foot, used like climbing ropes to extend, attach, and pull themselves forward

trochophore larva

Small free-swimming characteristic of marine annelids and mollusks; spherical or pear shaped, they are girdled by a ring of cilia that enables them to swim

veliger

Free-swimming mollusk larva that has a rudimentary foot, shell and mantle

Cephalopods

Nautilus, cuttlefish, squid, octopus make up this group of animals; predatory, tentacles around the mouth, head-footed, shell absent or reduced, closed circulatory system, jet propulsion via siphons, chromatophores for changing color

siphuncle

Thin strip of tissue found in nautilus that removes liquid from old shell chambers and replaces it with gas

ink sac

Structure found in cephalopods that contains melanin that can be used to provide a "smokescreen" to confuse predators

chromatophore

Pigment containing and light reflecting cells found in cephalopids

cuttlebone

Hard, brittle internal structure/internal shell found in all cuttlefish; gas filled and used for buoyancy control

pen (gladius)

Hard, internal bodypart found in many cephalopods; vestige of the ancestral mollusk shell

giant axons

Very large axons in certain species of animals that facilitate high-speed nerve conduction and rapid responses to stimuli