Lesson 1 Cellular Physiology and Cell Injury

Nucleus

Contains DNA and genetic material

Ribosomes

Organelles where proteins are made

Cell Membrane

Maintains cell integrity and homeostasis

Cytoplasm

Location where chemical reactions occur

Mitochondria

Organelle responsible for energy production

Krebs Cycle

Process of aerobic respiration using carbohydrates, fats, protein and oxygen

Anaerobic Respiration

Energy production without oxygen that produces lactic acid

Endocytosis

Process of engulfing material and bringing it into the cell

Exocytosis

Process of removing substances by pushing them out through the cell membrane

Homeostasis

Stability in the cell and system by regulating what goes in and out

Diffusion

Passive transport involving movement of substance along concentration gradient

Osmosis

Passive transport involving movement of water based on osmotic pressure

Facilitated Diffusion

Passive transport that requires a carrier to move substances

Active Transport

Transport that requires energy and moves against concentration gradients

Sodium-Potassium Pump

Example of active transport using energy to move ions

Atrophy

Adaptive change where cells waste away and become smaller in size

Hypertrophy

Adaptive change where cells increase in size due to overuse

Hyperplasia

Adaptive change involving an increase in the number of cells

Dysplasia

Abnormal version of same cell type that can lead to disease

Metaplasia

Adaptive change where one cell type is replaced with another

Apoptosis

Normal, controlled cellular death that allows for new cell growth and limits lifespan

Ischemia

Lack of oxygen and/or blood supply to cells or organs that can be reversed depending on injury depth

Necrosis

Irreversible cell death by loss of oxygen and/or blood supply due to injury or disease

Reversible Injury

Mild cell injury that can return to normal state

Irreversible Injury

Severe cell injury leading to necrosis or apoptosis

Pathophysiology

Study of disordered physiology that occurs in response to disease and injury

Disease

Disorder of structure or function resulting in symptoms, signs, and/or anatomical changes

Illness

An unhealthy condition or alteration in health

Injury

Damage to bodily cells or structures

Stress

Condition requiring cellular adaptation through hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, or metaplasia

Etiology

The cause of a disease or condition

Pathogenesis

The development or progression of a disease

Insidious

Gradual onset or progression of disease

Acute

Sudden onset with short duration

Chronic

Gradual onset with long duration and persistent nature

Manifestation

Observable evidence or feature of disease

Symptom

Subjective complaint reported by patient about what they feel

Sign

Objective finding detected by examiner through observation or measurement

Syndrome

Group of signs and symptoms that occur together characterizing a particular condition

Diagnosis

Identification of a disease or condition based on signs, symptoms, and tests

Prognosis

Predicted outcome or course of a disease and likelihood of recovery

Complications

Secondary problems or conditions arising from the primary disease

Morbidity

State of being diseased or illness rate in a population

Mortality

Death or death rate in a population

Incidence

Number of new cases arising in a population during a specified time period

Prevalence

Measure of existing disease in a population at a given time