BIO 181 Exam 3 Set

"Did King Phillip Come Over For Gay Sex" Taxonomic Levels

➷ Domain

➷ Kingdom

➷ Phylum

➷ Class

➷ Order

➷ Family

➷ Genus

➷ Species

Monophyletic

➷ Ancestor and ALL descendants

➷ preferred (one phylogeny)

Polyphyletic

➷ Many phylogenies/descendants but no ancestor

➷ Shows analogous creatures

Paraphyletic

➷ Includes CA but not all the descendants

"parallel"

Life Classification based on ...

➷ Ray (defined species)

➷ Linnaeus (father of taxonomy)

Taxonomy

➷ Naming a group of any rank (e.g. species/class)

➷ Taxon - plural

➷ Taxa - singular

Phylogeny

➷ Evolutionary history and relationship of organisms

➷ Genetics of a phylum

Cladogram

➷ Diagram showing evolutionary relationships among organisms

- picture of evolutionary relationships

➷ Clade

- group of evolutionary ancestors and descendants of common ancestor

➷ Sister clades

- share immediate common ancestor; each other's closest relative

Phylogenetic Trees and their Anatomy

➷ Cladogram with bells and whistles

- branches can be proportional to change or time

➷ Root

- where tree begins

➷ Nodes

- split where speciation event occurs; could mean an extinction

➷ Branch

- literally a tree branch

Symplesiomorphy

➷ (shared) Ancestral trait

➷ trait in group's CA that could be kept or changed in descendants

➷ "please remember your ancestors"

Synamorphy

➷ Derived trait

➷ trait that differs from ancestral form; an evolutionary novelty

➷ derived = "just arrived" on the scene!

Homoplasy

➷ Analogous trait

➷ "plasy" = plastic -- it's malleable

Principle of Parsimony

➷ Best explanation of observed data is simplest explanation

➷ A succinct phylogenetic tree is favored

Three Domain System "AEB"

➷ Archaea

➷ Eukarya

➷ Bacteria

Characteristics to Classify Organisms "STEEL"

➷ Skull types

➷ Temperature regulation

➷ Excretory product

➷ Extraembryonic membranes

➷ Life cycles

Haploid vs Diploid

➷ Haploid - one set of chromosomes (n)

➷ Diploid - two sets of chromosomes (2n)

Gametophyte vs Sporophyte

➷ Gametophyte - gamete (sex cell)-producing structure

➷ Sporophyte - spore (haploid "seed")-producing structure

➷ Plants have alteration of generation between gametophytes and sporophyte

Extraembryonic Membranes

➷ Non-amniotes - eggs laid in water, no special water-filled enclosure (fish & amphibians)

➷ Amniotes - reptiles and birds (shelled eggs) and mammals (uteruses)

Excretory Product

➷ Ammonia - (Aquaman!) most aquatic animals, including many fish

➷ Urea - (U!) mammals, amphibians, sharks, some bony fish

➷ Uric acid - (birds!) birds, insects, many reptiles, land snails

Temperature Regulation

➷ Endotherms - heat from inside (us)

➷ Exotherms - heat from outside (l i z a r d)

➷ Homeotherms - body temp can fluctuate (us)

➷ Heterotherms - body temp constant (fish)

Skull Types

➷ Synapsis - one temporal fenestrae; mammals

➷ Sauropsids -

- anapsids - no temporal fenestrae (turtle)

- diapsids - two temporal fenestrae

"Tiny Snakes Check Cozy Dens"

➷ Tiny - Tissues

➷ Snakes - Symmetry

➷ Check - Cephalization

➷ Cozy - Cavity

➷ Dens - Development

Basic Body Plan of Animals

1) # of TISSUE TYPES in embryos

2) BODY SYMMETRY

3) Degree of CEPHALIZATION

4) Presence/absence of FLUID-FILLED CAVITY

5) How EARLY DEVELOPMENT proceeds

Tissues

➷ Only sponges lack tissues (cells not organized)

- sponges = parazoans

➷ All other animals have tissues

- eumetazoans ("truly among animals")

- diploblasts ("two germ layers), (jellyfish!)

1) ectoderms

2) endoderms

- triploblasts ("three germ layers"), (us!)

3) mesoderm (between the two)

Body Symmetry

➷ All animals are bilateral except starfish (echinoderms) and coral polyps (radial symmetry)

- sponges don't count either way because they're "besides animals"

Cephalization

➷ In the Chordata phylum:

- notochord (cartelagenous & rod-like)

- also a dorsal, hallow nerve chord

- pharyngeal slits/clefs (used to filter food)

- muscular, post-anal tail

- 3 subphyla:

* vertebrata

* urochordata

* cephalochordata

Body Cavity

➷ Coelom - fluid-filled space separating digestive tract from outer body wall

- found in tripoblasts because it's derived from the mesoderm

- cushions internal organs and allows them to grow independently of each other

- acoelomates have no coelom (flatworms, tapeworms, etc.)

Early Development

➷ Protosomes ("first opening/hole")

- mouth develops first

- arthropods (spiders, insects, crustaceans)

➷ Deuterosomes ("doody)

- anus develops first

- Chordata phylum (us) and echinoderms (starfish)

Anatomy of an Egg

➷ Yolk sac - food source

➷ Amnion - like amniotic fluid

➷ Allantois - stores metabolic waste (uric acid)

➷ Chorion - lines the inner surface of the shell, which is permeable to gas, and exchanges O2-CO2 between embryo and outside air

Sponge Phylum

➷ Porifera

Diploblasta

➷ Cnidaria and Ctenophora

Domain Eukarya: Fungi

➷ Single-celled: yeasts

➷ Multicellular, filamentous: mycelia/mycelium

- made of hyphae (strand-like structures in mycelia) that help fungi grow

- have cell walls

- mainly of chitin

Specialized Hyphae

➷ Haustoria - appendage of parasitic fungus that penetrates hosts' tissue and draws nutrients from it

- "haus" = "host!"

- "HA! I gotta STORY for you!" = haustoria

Fungal Lifestyle

➷ Incredibly diverse

➷ heterotrophs

➷ extracellular digestion

- enzymes break stuff down outside of cell so cell can absorb it

➷ decomposers (saprobes)

- absorm nutrients from dead organisms

➷ can be parasitic, pathogenic, or mutualistic

Important Fungal Roles

➷ Decomposers

➷ Consumption and food (yeasts!)

➷ Antibiotics (pennicillin)

➷ Pathogens -> fungal infections (mycosis)

➷ Mostly infects plants

➷ Symbionts

- helps herbivores digest tough plant material

- food for leaf-cutting ants

Mycorrhizae

➷ "Fungus roots"

➷ Hyphae of certain fungi <-> roots of most seed plants

➷ Feed land plants (helps get more P)

- optimize plant production so both can grow big and strong

Phylogeny of Fungi

➷ memorize it

- Chytrids (Chtridiomychota)

- Zygote fungi (Zygomycota)

- Mycorrhizal fungi (Glomeromychota)

- Sac fungi (Ascomychota)

- Club fungi (Basidiomychota)

Domain Eukarya: Plants

➷ Nonvascular plants - no vascular tissue to transport water or provide support

➷ Seedless plants - have vascular tissue but don't make seeds

➷ Spermatophytes - have both vascular tissue and seeds

Nonvascular plants

➷ Bryophytes - moss, liverwort, hornwort

- cuticle provides covering to prevent moisture evaporation

➷ "Bryan really loves water and likes to manicure cuticles"

Seedless plants