Cardiovascular System: Blood and Lymphatic System Vocabulary

Vocabulary flashcards reviewing blood components, formed elements, hematopoiesis, blood grouping, the lymphatic system, and types of immunity based on Week 10 lecture notes.

Blood

A transport fluid essential for maintaining homeostasis in the body.

How blood transports?

Oxygen is carried from lungs to cell, then Carbon Dioxide from cells to lungs. Also delivers nutrients, ions, and water from the digestive tract to cells and carries waste to the kidneys.

What ph does the blood maintain?

7.5-7.45 ph

What are the two components of blood?

Plasma makes up 55%

Formed Elements 45%

Total blood volume of Females

4-5 Liters (8% of Body weight)

Total blood volume of Males

4-5 Liters (8% of Body weight)

Plasma

It is one of the components of blood and is 91% water and 9% solutes, including proteins, ions, nutrients, gases, waste products, and regulatory substances.

What are the three proteins found in plasma?

Albumins (58%), Globulins (38%), and Fibrinogen (4%)

Albumins

Plasma proteins that make up $58\%$ of total plasma proteins and function to regulate water movement and maintain colloid osmotic pressure.

Globulins

Plasma proteins making up $38\%$ of total plasma proteins that transport substances and include antibodies that protect against microorganisms.

Fibrinogen

A plasma protein constituting $4\%$ of total plasma proteins that is involved in blood clotting.

Formed Elements

The cellular components of blood making up $45\%$ of total blood volume, consisting of red blood cells (95%), white blood cells (5%), and platelets.

Hematopoiesis

The process of blood cell production, occurring in red bone marrow after birth where all formed elements originate from hemocytoblasts.

Hemocytoblasts

Adult stem cells located in red bone marrow that give rise to all formed elements of blood by differentiating into myeloid and lymphoid stem cells.

Hematopoiesis is regulated by colony-stimulating factors like hormones called?

Erythropoietin which stimulates RBC production

1. Orginates from hemocytoblasts

2. Then differentiates into myeloid and lymphoid stem cells

3. Myeloid froms RBCs, platelets, and most WBCs

4. Whereas lymphoid forms lymphocytes

Give the summary of the production of formed elements

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

Biconcave, non-nucleated cells comprising $95\%$ of formed elements, measuring $7.5\,\mu\text{m}$ in diameter and $2.0\,\mu\text{m}$ in thickness, responsible for oxygen and carbon dioxide transport.

Hemoglobin

A protein constituting one-third of a red blood cell's volume, consisting of $4$ globin chains each bound to a heme group with one iron atom, responsible for binding oxygen.

Three forms of hemoglobin

Embryonic, fetal, and adult

120 days for males and 110 days for females

How long does Red blood cells live?

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A hormone secreted primarily by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production in red bone marrow in response to low blood oxygen levels (hypoxia).

Spleen

Graveyard of the RBCs

In the spleen and liver. Globin breaks down into amino acids, heme is iron recycled

After 120 days, RBCs are destroyed in the _ & _ where hemoglobin is broken down:

Jaundice

A condition characterized by yellowing of the skin and eyes, caused by an accumulation of excess bilirubin due to impaired bilirubin removal.

Several months or years, mostly a few days

Lifespan of WBCs

5,000-10,000 cells

How many WBCs per microlitter of blood?

Buffy Coat

A thin layer containing white blood cells and platelets formed between plasma and red blood cells when blood is separated.

Granulocytes and Agranulocytes

WBCs posseses a nucleus which are then classified into two groups:

Neutrophils

Granulocytes constituting $55\text{--}70\%$ of white blood cells that act as the first responders to infection by phagocytizing bacteria and debris.

Eosinophils

Granulocytes making up $1\text{--}4\%$ of white blood cells that combat parasitic infections and modulate inflammatory responses.

Basophils

Granulocytes constituting $0.5\text{--}1\%$ of white blood cells that release histamine to promote inflammation and heparin to prevent blood clotting.

Lymphocytes

Agranulocytes making up $20\text{--}40\%$ of white blood cells involved in adaptive immunity, including B cells and T cells.

Monocytes

Agranulocytes comprising $2\text{--}8\%$ of white blood cells that differentiate into macrophages to phagocytize pathogens and activate other immune cells.

Ameboid movement

Directed movement using cytoplasmic projections.

Diapedesis

The process by which white blood cells elongate and pass through blood vessel walls into surrounding tissues.

Chemotaxis

The directed movement of white blood cells toward infection sites in response to chemical signals.

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

Cell fragments derived from megakaryocytes with a lifespan of 5-9 days that play a crucial role in blood clotting and hemostasis.

Hemostasis

The process of stopping bleeding to prevent excessive blood loss, consisting of vascular spasm (constriction of blood vessel), platelet plug formation, and coagulation (formation of blood clot).

Extrinsic pathway

Triggered by external tissue damage.

Intrinsic pathway

Initiated by blood vessel damage

Common pathway

Activated by either intrinsic or extrinsic pathways, leads to production of fibrin (form blod clot).

Transfusion

The transfer of blood or blood components from one individual to another to restore oxygen-carrying capacity following blood loss.

Infusion

The introduction of a fluid, such as saline or glucose, into the blood to prevent shock when blood volume drops.

Agglutination

The clumping of red blood cells that occurs when plasma antibodies bind to specific antigen markers on donated red blood cells.

Hemolysis

Rupture of red blood cells.

Antigens (Agglutinogens)

Are marker molecules on RBCs surface.

Antibodies (Agglutinins)

Proteins in the plasma that bind specifically to toantigens.

Type A Blood

Has:

A antigens

anti-B antibodies

Type B Blood

Has:

B antigens

anti-A antibodies

Type AB Blood

Has:

Both A and B antigens

No antibodies

Type O Blood

Has:

Neither A nor B antigens

Both anti-A and anti-B antibodies

Also called the universal donor.

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)

A condition where maternal anti-Rh antibodies cross the placenta during a subsequent pregnancy and destroy red blood cells in an Rh-positive fetus.

RhoGAM

Rho(D) immune globulin administered to Rh-negative mothers during and after pregnancy to prevent sensitization by inactivating fetal Rh antigens.

3 Liters

How many liters are left for the lymphatic system?

Lymph

Fluid inside the lymphatic system derived from interstitial fluid, composed of water, solutes, and cell-derived substances.

Lacteals

Specialized lymphatic vessels located in the intestinal wall of the digestive tract that absorb lipids.

Chyle

The lipid-rich lymph collected by lacteals in the digestive tract that is transported into the venous system.

Thoracic Duct

The largest lymphatic vessel in the body, draining lymph from the left side of the head, neck, chest, left upper limb, and all body regions below the thorax.

Lymphatic System

Is involved in immune response and associated with infectious diseases.

Lymphatic Capillaries

It is a

Immunocompetence

The state in which mature B and T lymphocytes become capable of recognizing antigens and initiating an immune response.

Tonsils

Large, non-encapsulated lymphatic nodules in the pharynx—comprising palatine, pharyngeal, and lingual tonsils—that protect against pathogens entering oral and nasal cavities.

Lymph Nodes

Small, bean-shaped structures ($1\text{--}25\,\text{mm}$) distributed along lymphatic vessels that filter lymph and house lymphocytes.

Spleen

A secondary lymphatic organ in the left upper abdomen consisting of white pulp and red pulp that filters blood, destroys old RBCs, and serves as a blood reservoir.

Thymus

A bilobed primary lymphatic organ situated in the mediastinum serving as the site for T-cell maturation.

Innate Immunity

Nonspecific, genetically determined resistance present at birth that responds in identical fashion upon each exposure to a pathogen.

Adaptive Immunity

Specific immunity that recognizes, responds to, and remembers particular antigens, producing faster and stronger responses upon repeated exposure.

Antibody-Mediated Immunity

A branch of adaptive immunity where B lymphocytes produce antibodies to combat extracellular pathogens and antigens.

Cell-Mediated Immunity

A branch of adaptive immunity where cytotoxic T lymphocytes directly destroy virus-infected cells, intracellular pathogens, and cancer cells.

Active Natural Immunity

Long-lasting adaptive immunity gained when an individual's immune system produces memory cells after natural exposure to an antigen during infection.

Active Artificial Immunity

Long-lasting adaptive immunity induced by deliberate exposure to an antigen through vaccination.

Passive Natural Immunity

Short-lived immunity provided when maternal antibodies cross the placenta or pass through breast milk to an infant.

Passive Artificial Immunity

Short-lived immunity achieved by injecting antibodies produced by another person or animal, such as antivenom or monoclonal antibodies.