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31 Terms

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Sclera
The white part of the eye that serves as an anchoring site for extrinsic eye muscles; part of the eye’s fibrous outermost layer.
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Cornea
The window that lets light into the eye; part of the eye’s fibrous outermost layer.
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Choroid
Supplies all the layers of the eye with blood; part of the eye’s vascular middle layer.
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Ciliary body
Ring of muscle tissue around the lens in the eye.
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Iris
Ring of smooth muscle between the cornea and lens that contracts and expands to change the size of the pupil; the colored part of the eye.
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Pupil
Opening in the center of the iris that allows light into the eye.
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Suspensory ligament
A halo of fibers encircling and holding up the lens of the eye.
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Retina
The inner layer of the eye that contains the photoreceptors (rods and cones).
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Optic nerve
The nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain.
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Fovea centralis
Small pit in the eye, packed with cones, that gives us our sharpest and clearest vision.
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Optic disc
Where the optic nerve exits the eye.
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Rods
Photoreceptors in the retina that register black and white.
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Cones
Photoreceptors in the retina that detect fine details and color.
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Lens
The convex transparent disc that focuses the light that is allowed in and projects it onto the retina in the inner layer.
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Vitreous humor
The clear gel that fills the posterior segment of the eye behind the lens.
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Aqueous humor
The clear fluid that fills the anterior segment in front of the lens.
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Odor
The gaseous molecules we smell.
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Olfactory epithelium
Specialized epithelial tissue in the roof of the nasal cavity that has olfactory sensory neurons.
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Taste buds
The sensory organ of taste, mainly located in the papillae.
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Papillae
Bumps on the tongue where taste buds are located.
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Gustatory epithelial cells
Taste receptor cells.
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Basal epithelial cells
Stem cells that make new gustatory epithelial cells.
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Hormone
Chemical messengers secreted by cells into extracellular fluids that travel through the blood to regulate cell functions.
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Exocrine
Externally secreting structures that release nonhormonal substances, like sweat and saliva, through ducts to the body’s surface.
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Endocrine
Internally secreting ductless structures that release hormones into surrounding tissue fluid, like blood.
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Humoral stimuli
Hormone release caused by altered levels of critical ions or nutrients.
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Neural stimuli
Hormone release caused by neural input.
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Hormonal stimuli
Hormone release caused by another hormone.
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Permissiveness
When a hormone can’t do its job fully without another hormone present.
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Synergism
When more than one hormone produces the same effects at the target cell, causing an amplified combined effect.
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Antagonism
When one hormone opposes the action of another.