WHAP Unit 0 Quiz

origin of hinduism?

India 1500 BCE aka 3500 years ago (oldest and 3rd largest ethnic religion)

is hinduism monotheistic or polytheistic?

polytheistic; "Brahma" is the "creator" deity

who is vishnu

hindu god of preservation; has 4 arms

caste system

hindu social class system that prohibited social mobility; stratified but unified

samsara

cycle of birth, death, and reincarnation

karma

universal cause and effect

dharma

good conduct + morality (hindus believed one with dharma would be reborn into a higher social class)

moksha

ultimate goal; liberation of cycle of samsara

brahmins

priestly, academic class

kshatriyas

rulers and warriors

vaishyas

artisans, merchants, farmers, tradesmen

shudras

servants, manual laborers

dalits

street cleaners, menial tasks

origin of buddhism?

india (530 BCE); 4th largest religion

siddhartha gautama

founder of Buddhism; born a prince; left his father's wealth to find the cause of human suffering; also known as "Buddha"

ultimate goal of buddhism

to reach nirvana; cessation of suffering

4 holy scriptures (4 noble truths)

1. truth of suffering
2. cause of suffering
3. end of suffering
4. truth of the path to the end of suffering

8-fold noble path

1. right view (know the truth)
2. right intention (free your mind of evil)
3. right speech (say nothing that hurts others)
4. right action (work for the good of others)
5. right livelihood (respect life)
6. right effort (resist evil)
7. right concentration (practice meditation)
8. right mindfulness (control your thoughts)

3 main sects of buddhism

mahayana, tibetan/vajrayana, theravada

mahayana

open to average people; east asia; bodhisattvas: those who help enlighten on earth

tibetan/vajrayana

dalai lama; north asia; rituals/technique harness energy

theravada

oldest; be a monk; meditate; "the way of the elders"

origin of judaism?

modern day israel

is judaism monotheistic or polytheistic?

monotheistic - Yaweh

holy scripture of judaism

torah; "5 books of moses"

oldest of "abrahamic" religions

judaism (abraham - 4000 years ago; judaism - 2600 years ago)

origin of christianity?

middle east; jerusalem; 1st century CE

2nd oldest of "abrahamic" religions

christianity

holy book of christianity

bible

jesus

executed by romans for his teachings; followers (christians) consider him to be the savior of humanity

christianity

christians were persecuted until christianity was adopted by roman empire in 4th century

origin of islam?

middle east arabian peninsula (mecca); 600 CE

youngest of "abrahamic" religions

islam; 7th century CE

holy book of islam

qur'an (koran)

founder of islam

prophet muhammad; originally a merchant; last in line of prophets

holy deity of islam

allah

holy city of islam

mecca

5 pillars of islam

anchored the community after muhammad's death (sunni - majority; shia - minority)
1. faith (shahada)
2. prayer (salah)
3. fasting (sawm)
4. almsgiving (zakat)
5. pilgrimage (hajj) - pray towards mecca

origin of confucianism?

2000 years ago in china

founder of confucianism

confucius (analects are not written by confucius)

goals of confucianism

promote proper behavior within society, social values, institutions, and ideas of traditional society

confucianism

not a religion, but a philosophy (no deity, no "holy land")

filial piety

ancestral worship; "respect those who came before you"

origin of daoism/taoism?

zhou dynasty about 2000 years ago during warring states period

founder of daoism/taoism

lao tzu

book of taoism

tao te ching (written by lao tzu)

ultimate goal of taoism

live in harmony with nature

chinese dynasties in chronological order

1. xia (existence is argued)
2. shang (period of advancement)
3. zhou (cultural awakening, lots of innovation)
(beginning of imperial era)
4. qin
5. han
6. sui
7. tang
8. song
9. yuan
10. ming
11. qing

618

sui emperor is overthrown by li family (specifically li yuan)

li shimin

overthrows his father (li yuan) in 626 and murders 2 other brothers

wu zetian

consort in court; blames her daughters death on the empress

655: emperor suffers stroke (wu asserts greater power)
675: wu poisons her son
680: wu banishes other son (both sons are dead)
683: emperor dies and her other sons becomes emperors, she overthrows them and becomes empress - claiming to be reincarnation of buddha

emperor xuanzong

overthrows wu zetian; li family is back in rule

golden age

emperor xuanzongs 44-year reign (712-756); incredibly stable; abolish death penalty, decrease inflation, increase money supply, open (aggressive) foreign policy

military jiedushi

china divides into 10 military governships; challenged government power after xuanzongs death; governships ruled independently until 960

tang dynasty advancements

silk road trade, expansion of great canal system, internal trade, woodblock printing, mechanical engineering, medicine (able to identify the cause and problem of diabetes), structural engineering (many temples built), water-powered AC, gunpower (accident)

silk road trade

land and sea route; exchange of goods + ideas; incredibly good export to middle east; silk = major export; mid. east loves silk while US is big on chinese porcelain and wood carving

woodblock printing

a form of printing in which an entire page is carved into a block of wood; improved literacy and education tremendously; shared ideas and culture thru trade; revolutionized china

gupta empire (india) aka "golden age"

good stability, eventually fell in 550 - disunity and fighting afterwards; ghurid sultanate (north) and chola kingdom (south) will eventually reunite india

chola dynasty

-peaked 9-12th century

-lots of trade: monsoon winds, hub of indian ocean trade, silk, porcelain, spices, horses, slaves, and ivory
wealthy

-buddhism + islam (many temples, specifically shiva temples - thanjavur temple was the largest at the time)

-many sculptures of gods (vishnu, shiva, lakshimi, etc) made of bronze/copper

-literature: devotional hindu, poetry (4000 tamil verses - nalayira divya prabandham), rise of jain and buddhist writing

-monarchy (passed in generations), eventually divided into mandalams that were administered by governors
- nadus: self-governing

ghurid sultanate

-small vassal state

-unified by 11th century

-modern afghanistan

-lots of ethnic conflicts with neighbors (sunni islam)

-leader: muhammed ghori who invaded north india (bringing islam with him) in 12th century; assassinated in 1206 leading to collapse and renamed delhi sultanate; ruled for about 3 decades

founder of roman empire

augustus caesar in 27 BCE, controlled entire mediterranean area

roman empire relationship with christianity

christianity persecuted until adopted by romans in 313 CE due to the edict of milan (legalized religion) and 380 CE (edict of thessalonia - declared christianity the official religion)

splitting of roman empire (286 CE)

empire is split into west vs. east because too large - under ONE emperor

splitting of roman empire (395 CE)

empire completely splits - under TWO emperors

west (latin + catholicism) vs. east (greek + eastern orthodox)

west was very dependent on east for luxury goods and trade (because the east was close to silk road) - lead to major trade imbalance

western roman empire falls

-corruption rampant; weak government due to political amateurs

-dismantling of military (replaced with bad germanic mercenaries)

-frequent raids and attacks by visigoths, vandals, angles, saxons, franks, ostrogoths, lombards, etc. bc west is very weak

sack of rome (476)

beginning of "dark ages" + rise of feudalism

eastern roman empire (aka byzantine empire)

-capital: constantinople (modern day turkey) - hub of trade and culture

-spread culture, religion, and laws to balkans and western russia

-survives until 1400s

emperor of byzantine empire

justinian; established justinian law which became foundation of euro. laws - women's rights

bureaucrazy of byzantine empire

-emperor: head of gov., rules with divine nature
-sophisticated, educated bureaucracy organizes empire politically and economically (reg. food prices, trades, silk production, and control/keep economy safe

culture of byzantine empire

architecture (domed buildings), religious mosaics, icons (saints/religious figures), blended hellenistic (greek) culture with orthodox christianity

the great schism (end of unified church)

west: believed in the holy trinity (father -> jesus -> holy spirit) and purgatory (purification), did not believe in divorce

east: believed that the holy spirit only proceeds from father (father -> jesus and holy spirit) and divorce (via adultery only), did not believe in purgatory

both sides disagreed on immaculate conception, virgin mary

priest arius (4th century)

jesus is the son of god, meaning there was a time where jesus didnt exist - therefore jesus is inherently not divine

pope leo IX

during the meeting in constantinople in 1054, pope leo IX excommunicated patriarch cerularius - which is why the byzantine refused the popes bull (tossed out of hagia sophia)

700s spain/al-andalus

-early 700s: visigoths control parts of spain
-711: christian chief goes to north africa for aid
-umayyad caliphate (from africa) invades spain; controls most of iberian peninsula which is later renamed al-andalus

golden age of al-andalus

libraries, colleges, public baths, literature, poetry, architecture were being built; age of intellect

-religious and ethnic tolerance between muslims, christians, and jews
-cordoba: center of wealth

dhimmitude

legal status of non-muslims, who had to pay jizya, a tax on non-muslims in islamic areas

what is ultimately responsible for preserving and reviving greek literature/philosophy in europe?

islam

decline of islamic spain

battle of tours in 732 by charles mantel; aggressive from christian states; divisions between muslim rulers (who were weak and implemented ineffective policies) - eventually split into smaller kingdoms; toledo was the first city to fall in 1085