5. DETERMINANTS OF FERTILITY AND MORTALITY

Biological Determinants

biological factors affecting reproduction and survival

Menarche

the first menstrual period marking the start of female fertility

Menopause

the permanent cessation of menstruation

Ovulation

the release of an egg from the ovary

Spontaneous Intrauterine Mortality

natural loss of a fetus before birth

Involuntary Infertility

inability to conceive despite desire and effort

Behavioral Determinants

behaviors influencing fertility

Marriage or Sexual Union

formal or informal partnerships affecting reproduction

Contraception

methods used to prevent pregnancy

Voluntary Sterilization

permanent surgical prevention of reproduction

Induced Abortion

intentional termination of pregnancy

Breastfeeding

infant feeding practice that can reduce fertility

Determinants of Mortality

factors affecting death rates such as age, sex, socioeconomic status, and public health conditions