국경론 Ch2. National Differences in Political Economy & Legal systems

To whom is collectivism traced its root?

ancient Greek philosopher Plato

Who supports collectivism today?

Socialists

Modern socialists trace their roots to whom?

Modern socialists trace their roots to Karl Marx.

To whom individualism can be traced to?

Aristotle, who argued that individual diversity and private ownership is desirable

What is the mechanism of individualism?

Invisible hand by Adam Smith :

Letting people pursue their own self-interest to achieve the best overall good for society

What is the most common form of democracy today?

Representative democracy, where elected representatives vote on behalf of constituents

What are the four major forms of totalitarianism today and give one example of each form.

1. Communist totalitarianism (N.Korea)

2. Theocratic totalitarianism (Afghanistan)

3. Tribe totalitarianism (Tanzania)

4. Right wing totalitarianism (Fascism, Germany under Hitler)

What are the three types of economic systems?

1. Market economy

2. Command economy

3. Mixed economy

What are the three main types of legal systems?

1. Civil law (based on a very detailed set of laws organized into codes)

   • found in over 80 countries, including Germany, France, Japan and Russia

2. Common law (based on tradition, precedent and custom)

   • Found in most of Great Britain’s former colonies, including the US

3. Theocratic law (based on religious teachings)

   • Islamic law is the most widely practiced

How do civil law states and common law states approach contract law?

In a civil law state, contracts are shorter and much less specific, and in a common law state, contracts are very detailed with all contingencies spelled out.

By what action can property rights be violated?

1. by private action such as theft, piracy, blackmail, and the like by private individuals or groups

2. by public action; when public officials extort income or resources from property holders using various legal mechanisms including excessive taxation, requiring expensive licenses or permits from property holders, or taking assets into state ownership without compensating the owners.

What are the three types of intellectual property law?

1. patents : document giving the inventor of a new product of process exclusive rights to the manufacture, use, or sale of that invention

2. copyrights : exclusive legal rights of authors, composers, playwrights, artists and publishers to publish and dispose of their work as they see fit

3. trademarks : designs and names, often officially registered, by which merchants or manufacturers designate and differentiate their products