Cell Structure and Function Practice Flashcards

A set of fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering cell parts, plasma membrane transport mechanisms, organelles, and the cell cycle based on Dr. Nehemiah B. Mula's lecture.

The __________ is the basic unit of all living cells, including humans.

cell

Cell __________ involves all chemical reactions within a cell and metabolic reactions that involve energy transfers.

Metabolism and Energy Use

Cells communicate with each other by using __________ and __________ signals.

chemical; electrical

The electrical charge difference across the plasma membrane is called __________.

membrane potential

The plasma membrane consists mainly of lipids ($50\%$), proteins ($45-50\%$), and carbohydrates ($4-8\%$).

$45-50\%$; $50\%$; $4-8\%$

Phospholipids form a lipid bilayer which has a polar head that is __________ and a nonpolar tail that is __________.

hydrophilic; hydrophobic

__________ is interspersed among phospholipids and is a major factor in determining the fluid nature of the membrane.

Cholesterol

Membrane proteins that penetrate deeply into the lipid bilayer, extending from one surface to another, are called __________.

Integral protein

__________ allow cells to identify other cells or other molecules.

Marker molecules (Glycoprotein)

The concentration difference that occurs when solutes are not evenly distributed in a solvent is called a __________.

concentration gradient

__________ is the net movement of solutes from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration until an equilibrium is achieved.

Diffusion

The force required to prevent water from moving by osmosis across a semipermeable membrane is called __________.

osmotic pressure

A solution that has a greater concentration of solute particles and greater osmotic pressure than another is described as __________.

Hyperosmotic

The __________ pump is a primary active transport mechanism that moves substances against the concentration gradient using energy from ATP.

Na-K ATPase

__________ takes in cells and solid particles, whereas __________ takes in molecules dissolved in liquid.

Phagocytosis; pinocytosis

The protein group of the cytoskeleton consisting of hollow tubes composed of tubulin with a diameter of about $25\,nm$ is called __________.

Microtubules

The __________ is a dense region within the nucleus where subunits for ribosomes are manufactured.

nucleolus

Ribosomes attached to the __________ produce integral membrane proteins and proteins secreted from the cell.

endoplasmic reticulum

The __________ endoplasmic reticulum manufactures lipids and participates in detoxification.

Smooth

The __________ functions as a packaging and distribution center where proteins and lipids are modified and exit through the trans face.

Golgi apparatus

__________ are membrane-bound vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes and are involved in autophagy.

Lysosomes

The enzyme __________ found in peroxisomes breaks down hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen.

catalase

The major sites for ATP production are the __________, which contain an inner membrane with infoldings called cristae.

mitochondria

__________ are structures on the surface of cells that line the respiratory tract and move small particles across the cell surface.

Cilia

The presence of __________ on the cells of the intestines increases the surface area for absorption.

microvilli

During the __________ phase of interphase, DNA is replicated.

S (Synthesis phase)

The division of the cell's nucleus into two new nuclei is called __________, while the division of the cytoplasm is called __________.

mitosis; cytokinesis

__________ or programmed cell death is a normal process where chromatin condenses and fragments and cells are eventually phagocytized by macrophages.

Apoptosis