Anatomy homeostasis

Homeostasis

Maintenance of a stable internal environment (affected by age, health, nutrition). homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life. It is a state of bound or equilibrium

Movement

• locomotion and movement of substances

• Muscular system, aided by skeletal system

Responsiveness (irritability)

• ability to sense changes and react to stimuli(nervous system)

digestion

• Breakdown of macromolecules-Require requires oxygen to make ATP

metabolism

• Chemical reactions Within the body (Requires oxygen)

• Regulated by hormones of the endocrine system

excretion

• Elimination of waste from reactions due to digestion and metabolism. Ex:

• Digestive (Solid waste)

• Excretory (General system that includes other systems) - Urinary and integumentary systems (Both liquid waste)

• respiratory system (gaseous waste)

reproduction

• Reproductive system regulated Mainly by endocrine system

growth

• regulated mainly by endocrine system

• hypertrophy

• Hyperplasia

Hypertrophy

growth due to increase in size of cells (Example: Skeletal muscles)

Hyperplasia

Growth due to increase in number of cells(Example: Endometriosis)

Start of survival needs:

Nutrients

• required for energy and cell building

• includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals

oxygen(Aerobic): Cellular respiration

• Required for oxidative chemical reactions such as making ATP

• (Anaerobic) No oxygen-Fermentation

water

• 60-80% of body weight

• Needed for metabolic reaction such as hydrolysis where molecules are broken down

stable body

fit for stable reaction rates

atmospheric pressure

necessary for respiratory system function for expansion and recoil of lungs

Negative feedback

• includes most homeostatic control mechanisms that require continuous adjustment

• Define: reverses The original stimulus to Return the body to homeostasis

• Examples: Breathing rate, Blood glucose levels, Heart rate, Body temp, etc.

positive feedback

• define: enhances the original stimulus to push the variable Further from The homeostatic value

• Episodic events

• ex: blood clotting, lactation, and childbirth are the most familiar examples

body fluids

• for the body cells to survive the composition of surrounding body fluids must be precisely maintained

• intracellular fluid(ICF)

• extracellular fluid (ECF)

Intracellular

Is fluid within the cells

Extracellular

Is fluid outside the body cells

extracellular fluid filling the spaces in between cells is called:

intercellular or interstitial fluid

ECF in blood vessels is called:

Plasma

ECF that is filtered through the lymphatic vessels is called:

Lymph

Two Main communication systems:

• Nervous system:

• rapid response

• Short duration

• Uses electrical signals delivered by nerves

• Endocrine system

• Slower response

• Longer duration

• Uses hormones that circulate in the blood

Diseases/ Disorders

• they are the result of a bodily disturbance, also known as homeostatic imbalance

• local disease

• Systematic disease

• Sign

• Symptoms

Local disease

affects limited area of the body

systematic disease

Affects entire body or several parts

signs

Objective changes that can be observed/measured( Fever, rash, heart rate, blood pressure, etc.)

Symptoms

subjective changes that cannot be observed (Headache, nausea) But are reported by a patient