SHS 613 Exam 1 Ch 1-4

process by which we share information

What is communication

• Involves sending and receiving messages

• May be related to thoughts, ideas, needs, desires, feelings, perceptions, knowledge

• May be spoken or unspoken

• May be written or unwritten

• May be verbal or gestural

what do we know about communication

verbal, oral, or spoken means of communication

what is speech

complex, rule-based system of universally accepted, conventional symbols

what is language

• Communication-> Language and speech

  • Language-> Form (phonology, morphology, syntax)

  • Language-> content (semantics)

  • Language-> use (pragmatics)

  • Speech-> articulation, fluency, voice

components of communication

• form: phonology, morphology, syntax

• content: semantics

• use: pragmatics

what is language form, content, and use

sound system and rules for combining sounds into words

what is phonology

the study of how speech sounds are produced

what is phonetics

• broadly classified as vowels and consonants—45 total: 14 vowels, 24 consonants and 10 diphthongs

• smallest unit of sound in a language

what are phonemes

• 45 total:

  • 14 vowels

  • 24 consonants

  • 10 diphthongs

how many phonemes are vowels, consonants, and diphthongs

study of structure of words and rules for combining word parts to create complete words

what is morphology

smallest unit of a language that carries meaning.-- free and bound morphemes

what is a morpheme

refers to the rules for combining words and phrases into sentences

what is syntax

component that includes meanings of words, phrases, and sentences

what is semantics

study of language, the various ways in which language is used in different contexts, and the functions or reasons for communicating

what is pragmatics

phonotactic rules

set of rules governing which phonemes can be combined and in which order as well as word position in which they can occur.

lexicon

It's important to remember that the ___ can contain words with multiple meanings

• Subject+Verb+Object

• Article+Attribute+Noun

Basic Syntactic Rules

• articulation

• fluency

• voice

components of speech

the motor aspect of speech sound production

what is articulation

the flow of speech

what is fluency

articulation and phonology

two different categories of speech

refers to the sound produced when the vocal folds are vibrating

what is voice

articulation disorder and phonological disorder

what are 2 communication disorders

difficulty with the motor speech of speech sound production; may reflect an inability to produce certain speech sounds, or sounds missing from the phonetic inventory

what is an articulation disorder

disorder related to the contrastive use of phonemes related to the rule-based linguistic function of speech sounds; phonemic inventory may be limited

what is a phonological disorder

articulation

the motor aspect of planning and executing movements that result in the production of speech sounds; speech sounds have an articulatory or phonetic form

phonology

the linguistic, rule-based function of speech sounds for creating words; phonemes have a phonemic function

Anatomy of the speech mechanism

articulatory phonetics includes the fundamentals of

The notational system used to record speech productions

what is phonetic transcription

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA, 2015)

is the set of symbols used for phonetic transcription

phonetics

• the study of the physical and acoustic features of speech

• The science of speech

• Emphasizes the description and classification of speech sounds

place-manner-voicing

A system that used place of articulation, manner of articulation, and voicing features to describe phonemes

1. place-manner-voicing

2. distinctive features

what are the two classification systems for phonemes

distinctive features

• Set of binary features for describing phonemes

• Each feature is either present (+) or absent (-)

• Pioneered by Chomsky & Halle (1968)

 the structures of the oral mechanism to modify the airstream that has passed through the larynx

articulation is the result of

• Lips

• Tongue

• Mandible

• Velum

moveable or active articulators

• Teeth

• Alveolar ridge

• Hard palate

• Maxilla

immoveable or passive articulators

Orbicularis oris

a complex circular facial muscle that surrounds the mouth and forms the majority of the lips

tip, blade, dorsum, root

divisions of the tongue

create the contour and shape of the tongue

what do the intrinsic muscles of the tongue do

adjust the height and advancement of the tongue

what do the extrinsic muscles of the tongue do

• Superior and inferior longitudinals

• Transverse

• Vertical

intrinsic muscles of the tongue

• Genioglossus

• Hyoglossus

• Palatoglossus

• Styloglossus

extrinsic muscles of the tongue

• adjustments increase or decrease the size of the oral cavity, and results in changes in resonance

• Supports the lingual muscles, labial muscles

• House the lower teeth

what is the function of the mandible

velum

soft palate

Facilitates velopharyngeal closure

what is the function of the velum

• Levator veli palatini

• Tensor veli palatini

• Palatoglossus

• Palatopharyngeus

• Uvula

Elevation and posterior movement of velum result of coordination of the following muscles:

passive articulators

immovable articulators are also called

• premaxilla

• alveolar process

• palatine process

maxilla consists of

consonants and vowels

2 speech sound classification

sonorants and obstruents

2 types of consonants

• A consonant where the resonance occurs throughout the vocal tract. They are voiced with little constriction

• include: Nasals, Glides,and Liquids.

what is a sonorant and examples

• the source of sound occurs in the oral cavity and the point of constriction.

  • Point of obstruction for air flow 

• includes stops, fricatives, and affricates.

what is a obstruents and examples

Diphthongs

what is it called when two vowels are combine for vowel structure

Indicates the movable and immovable articulators that are used to create speech sounds

what is the place of articulation

• bilabial

• Labiodental

• Lingua-alveolar

• Linguapalatal

• Lingua-velar

• Glottal

list the places of articulation

• Refers to how the speech sound is made, how air flows through the constriction created by the articulators

what is manner of articulation

• Obstruents:

  • Stops/stop-plosives

  • Fricatives

  • Affricates

• Sonorants:

  • Nasals

  • Liquids

  • Glides

list the types of manner of articulation

• Represents acoustic or articulatory characteristics of speech sounds

• Binary classification system indicated by + for a present feature and – for an absent feature

what are distinctive features

• Major Class

• Cavity

• Manner

• Source

• Prosodic

distinctive features represent the following types of features

• Vocalic

• Consonantal

• Sonorant

major class features

• Coronal

• Anterior

• Nasal

• Lateral

• High

• Low

• Back

• Round

cavity features

• Continuant

• Delayed release

• Tense

• Source

• Voiced

• Strident

manner features

Produced with a relatively open vocal tract

american english vowel are produced with a

• Represents tongue position in oral cavity

  • High-low (or alternately, open-close)

  • Front-back

• Cardinal vowels are represented at each corner

vowel quadrilateral

acoustic differences of vowels

Modifications in the height and advancement of the tongue, rounding of lips, and tension of tongue contribute to the _____

notational system used to represent speech sounds

what is IPA

• Broad transcription

• Narrow transcription

2 types of phonetic transcription

Diacritic symbols

narrow transcription type