Chapter 1: Self, Family andCommunity

health

a state of complete physical, mental, social, and spiritual well being

physical health

biological integrity

mental health

emotional and intellectual capabilities, or an individual’s subjective sense of well-being

social health

the ability to interact effectively with others and the social enviroments

spiritual health

an interconnectedness to self, to significant others, and to the community

Sociological model of health or socioecological model (SEM)

identifies the complex levels and interrelationships that influence your health

• your uniqueness

• your social and physical environment

• friends, family, community, financial etc.

social determinants of health

influence the options you have and the choices you make; environmental factors that influence your health can be divide into built and natural factors

life expectancy

the number of years a person can expect to liveo

population health

the study of the health outcomes in or between groups of individuals

demographics

statistical information about groups of people

health equity

when all people have the equal opportunity to attain their full health potential

health disparities

result from systemic and avoidable social and economic practices and policies that create barriers for some groups

T/F: Americans have greater health risks than individuals in other 16 high-income countries

true

T/F: There are no health disparities between rural and urban regions in the U.S.

false. there ARE disparities

ethnicity

drawn from common ancestry and common originis—national, religious, tribal, language, and cultural

race

an ethnic grouping based on physical characteristics; a social category rather than a biological one

T/F: Many racial minorities have higher rates of COVID-19 and many chronic diseases compared to the general population.

true

socioeconomic status is…

the most significant impact on health outcomes

How does U.S. health care differ from other high-income countries?

The U. S. differs from other high-income countries in that all other countries provide universal access to care.

life-course approach

approach to health recognizes the importance of our health trajectory; recognizing that there are critical phases in your life during which healthy or harmful environments have the potential for greater impact.

public health

discipline focused on the health population of people

health promotion

actions designed to maintain a current health state or encourage a more desirable state of health (ex. wash your hands sign)

disease prevention

defensive actions to ward off specific diseases and their consequences

community health

activities are directed toward improving the health of a whole community or employing resources shared by the members of the community (agencies within the Department of Health and Human Services & nongovernmental organizations)

What are the goals of healthy people 2030?

•Attain healthy, thriving lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death.

•Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and achieve health literacy to improve the health of all.

•Create social, physical, and economic environments that promote attaining full potential health and well-being for all.

•Promote healthy development, healthy behaviors, and well‑being across all life stages.

what are leading health indicators?

•Oral health care. 

•Consumption of calories from added sugars.

•Drugs overdose deaths.

•Exposure to unhealthy air.

•Homicides.

•Household food insecurity and hunger.

•Seasonal influenza vaccination.

•Knowledge of HIV status.

•Health insurance coverage.

•Suicides.

•Infants and maternal deaths.

•Reading proficiency.

•Childhood and adolescent obesity.

•Tobacco use and other substance use.

•Employment rates.

•Rates of diabetes, hypertension, and colon cancer screening.

•Aerobic physical activity and muscle-strengthening activity.

the physical activity guidelines

Aerobic 75 vigorous minutes or 150 minutes of moderate activity and 2 muscle strengthening days per week

health belief model

•Perceived susceptibility.

•Perceived seriousness of consequences.

•Perceived benefits of specific action.

•Perceived barriers to taking action

stages of change model

takes into account thinking, feelings, behaviors, relationships, and other factors; also known as the Transtheoretical Model (TTM)— more of a process the order shows the staircase to change

•Precontemplation.

•Contemplation.

•Preparation.

•Action.

•Maintenance.

Termination of previous behavior

self-efficacy

an internal state in which you feel competent to perform a specific task, is a significant factor; you believe you are capable of doing something

relapse

a backslide into a former health state, is the rule rather than the exception

T/F: people with low self efficacy are more likely to relapse. relapsing is part of the process not the end

true

T/F: In order to successfully move from the maintenance phase you need to perform task for 6 months or longer without relapse

true

creating a behavior change plan begins with

accepting responsibility for your own health and make commitment to change; asking real questions (future barriers and solutions); make commitment

change to a new behavior

•Set goals.

•Develop action steps.

•Identify benefits.

•Identify positive enablers.

•Sign a behavior change contract.

•Create benchmarks.

•Assess accomplishments and revise, if necessary.

developing health literacy

the ability to read, understand, and act on health information.

misinformation

information that is inaccurate or misleading relative to the best scientific evidence.

disinformation

a subset of misinformation that is intentionally promoted to serve a malicious purpose, such as for financial, power, or reputational gain.

health risk

the probability of exposure to a hazard that can result in negative consequences

T/F: Emotional responses don’t affect how we interpret and react to information.

false they DO affect

questions to ask when understanding medical research studies

•Formal study or expert opinion?

•If it was a formal clinical study, randomized and double-blind?

•People in the study similar to you?

•How many participants?

•Who sponsored or funded the study?

•Published in a reputable, peer-reviewed journal?