amstud - unit 2 vocabulary

corporate colonies

operated directly by joint-stock companies (ex: jamestown)

royal colonies

under direct authority/rule of king’s government (ex: virginia)

proprietary colonies

under authorities of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king (ex: maryland, pennsylvania)

jamestown, 1607

first permanent english colony in the americas; struggled due to location, disease, incompetency

captain john smith

took leadership in jamestown

headright system

50 acres of land to any settler who pays for the passage for a settler to the colony; indentured servitude occurred

plymouth colony; separatists (pilgrims)

wanted a separate church from England; had another term due to traveling; established colony

massachusetts bay colony; puritans

believed church of england could be purified; wanted religious freedom; established colony

john winthrop

first governor of the massachusets bay colony; led puritans to the americas

great migration

religious/political conflict in england drove 15k settlers to the massachusetts bay colony

cecil calvert (lord baltimore)

control of maryland; provided haven for fellow catholics who faced persecution

maryland act of toleration

granted religious freedom to all christians; called for death of those who were not christian at all

new england

a region built around religious faith and freedom; included rhode island, connecticut, and new hampshire

roger williams

founded providence, rhode island; first baptist churches in america; religious freedom (catholics, quakers, jews)

anne hutchinson

believed in antinomianism, banished from Bay colony, founded portsmouth, rhode island

halfway covenant

people can become partial members of a puritan congregation, even if they had not felt a conversion (context: prior to this, people had to have a confirmed religious experience and a conversion to join the congregation) 

william penn

the founder of pennsylvania; a quaker

quakers

christians who supported equality among all men and women, rejected violence and military service; considered radical by most

james oglethorpe/georgia

established a colony because british needed to protect sc plantations from spanish florida

virginia house of burgesses

first representative assembly in america

mayflower compact

pilgrim document in which decisions were made through majority vote; early form of self-government

triangular trade

a three-part trade between the Americas, Europe, and Africa; Europe → Africa: rum; Africa→Americas: indentured slaves; Americas→Europe: sugarcane

mercantilism

an economic theory in which power is determined by the export:import ratio; supporting the mother country by giving raw materials to mother country → discouraging purchases through tariffs

navigation acts

england policy:

-trade to/from colonies only carried by English ships

-all goods imported into the colonies have to pass by British ports

-”enumerated” goods could be exported to England; tobacco

restricted colonial trade to benefit the English economy

salutary neglect

England being very lax in enforcing regulatory policies

-Atlantic Ocean separates the mother country from the colonies

-England distracted by English Civil War/wars w/ France

-corrupt British colonial agents

dominion of new england

attempt by King James II to combine the colonies; did so to increase royal control over the colonies; combining into larger administrative units and doing away w/ representative assemblies; FAILED

glorious revolution

revolt against Dominion of New England/enforcing policies; overthrew King James II and replaced him w/ Mary/William; end of the DoNE

metacom’s war (king philip’s war)

King Philip (Wampanoag) was mad at English colonies for intruding on Native American space. English teamed up with some NA tribes that hated Wampanoag. Brutal war; English won; ended most American Indian resistance in New England

bacon’s rebellion

Sir William Berkley used dictatorial powers to support large farmers; small farmers unprotected. small farmer became angry; revolted against Berkley, killed American Indian tribes, and burned Jamestown settlement. 

pueblo revolt (pope’s rebellion)

various American Indian tribes united to fight against Spanish attempts at conversion (Roman Catholics sometimes used harsh methods to convert NAs). Spanish driven from the area; came back and ruled less harshly 

indentured servants

implementation to acquire a source of labor; masters are in full control of their workers for a certain period of time (4-7yrs) in exchange for food and housing

first great awakening

a fervor of feelings regarding religious movement; all sinners can be forgiven if they repent to God

jonathan edwards

one of the best-known leaders of the first great awakening; god is angry with human sinfulness; those who repented are saved, but those who do not are sent to Hell

george whitefield

spread the great awakening to over 10k people; those who believed in jesus christ could be saved

“old lights” and “new lights”

“old” unsupportive of ideals in the first great awakening; “new” in support

ben franklin

famous for work with electricity and bifocal eyeglasses; leading figure of the american enlightenment

philis wheatley

born in west africa; enslaved; published a collection of poems and was freed

john peter zenger

a NY publisher that was tried for criticizing the royal governor; was punshed for doing so; shows lack of freedom of speech

(american) enlightenment

a movement of literature and philosophy; inspired by the european enlightenment; importance of religion turned to “light” of reason and logic

john locke/natural rights

stated that people were born with three natural rights: life, liberty, and property; citizens had the natural right to revolt