nationalism

Civic nationalism

Nationalism based on shared citizenship and equal participation rather than ethnicity.

Liberal internationalism

Belief that cooperation and interdependence between nations prevent conflict.

Socialist internationalism

Idea that class solidarity across borders outweighs national identity.

Ethnicity

Belonging to a group with common culture, language, or religion.

Rational nationalism

Based on reason and logical decision-making.

Progressive nationalism

Aims to advance and improve society.

Regressive nationalism

Seeks to return to a past or less developed state.

Inclusive nationalism

Open to anyone willing to join the nation, not dependent on shared history.

Exclusive nationalism

Based on common heritage and language; belonging takes time.

Chauvinistic nationalism

Belief in national superiority and viewing other nations as threats.

Imperialism/colonialism

Extending a nation's control over others through settlement or domination.

Volksgeist

The unique national spirit or cultural identity of a people.

Integral nationalism

Extreme patriotism where individuals are fully absorbed into the nation.

Black nationalism

Movement opposing white oppression and promoting Black unity and pride.

Nation

A cohesive group united by shared values, culture, and identity.

Self-determination

The belief that nations should govern themselves independently.

Nation-state

A sovereign state whose citizens are united by national identity.

Culturalism

The idea that nationalism stems from shared cultural and emotional ties.

Racialism

The belief that humanity is divided into distinct races with inherent traits.

Internationalism

Cooperation across nations for shared global goals; may coexist with or oppose nationalism.

Liberal nationalism

Advocates a world of self-governing, equal nation-states.

Conservative nationalism

Promotes unity, order, and social cohesion within a nation.

Anti/post-colonialism

Rejects colonial domination and demands rule by indigenous peoples.

Expansionist nationalism

Denies all nations' right to self-determination; often linked to chauvinism and militarism.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)

Argued government should express the general will of the people; supported civic nationalism based on citizen participation.

Johann Gottfried von Herder (1744-1803)

Promoted cultural nationalism; believed each nation has a unique Volksgeist (spirit of the people) rooted in shared culture.

Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872)

Saw nationhood as essential for freedom and self-expression; emphasised 'thought and action' — combining belief with activism.

Charles Maurras (1868-1952)

Advocated integral nationalism — emotional loyalty where individuals are absorbed into the nation; supported militarism and order.

Marcus Garvey (1887-1940)

Promoted Black pride and Pan-Africanism, urging unity among people of African descent worldwide.