(CCMA) Endocrine System

Endocrine System

-made up of organs and glands the produce, store and release hormones

Hormones

-regulate chemical reactions in cells

-control functions of the organs, tissues and other cells

-chemicals used to increase or decrease activity of specific target cells

-aids the body in homeostasis

Exocrine Glands

release hormones into a duct for delivery to the target cells

Endocrine Glands

release hormones directly into the bloodstream

Adrenal Gland

-pair of endocrine glands that sit just above both kidneys

-secrete hormones that help arouse the body in times of stress.

-prolonged stress inhibits the body's immune response by secreting cortisol

Adrenal gland secretes what hormones?

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

Cortisol

Aldosterone

Aldosterone (adrenal gland)

regulates electrolytes and fluid volume

Cortisol (adrenal glands)

regulates carbohydrates

Epinephrine (adrenal glands)

fight or flight response

Norepinephrine (adrenal glands)

-vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels)

-increases blood pressure

Pituitary Gland

-"master gland" of the endocrine system (brain)

-endocrine system's most influential gland

-under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands

Pancreas

-regulates the level of sugar in the blood

-behind the stomach and in front of the spine

-has both endocrine and exocrine functions

Pancreas secretes what?

Alpha cells - Glucagon

Beta cells - Insulin

Alpha cells; glucagon (pancreas)

increases blood sugar

Beta cells; insulin (pancreas)

decreases blood sugar

Testes (hormones)

testosterone

Testosterone (testes)

-sperm production

-secondary sex characteristics in males

Ovary (hormones)

Estrogen

Progesterone

Estrogen (ovaries)

-development of secondary sex characteristics in females

-regulates menses

Progesterone (ovaries)

prepares the body for pregnancy

Cell receptors

-in cell membrane

-receive hormones and neurotransmitters

Anterior Part of Pituitary Gland Secretes (hormones)

Growth hormone

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Prolactin

Growth Hormone; GH (pituitary gland)

regulates the growth of the body

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone; TSH (pituitary gland)

stimulates thyroid gland

Folicle Stimulating Hormone; FSH (pituitary gland)

growth of ova (eggs) and sperm

Lutenizing Hormone; LH (pituitary gland)

Triggers ovulation and testosterone production in males

Prolactin; PRL (pituitary gland)

causes the breasts to grow and make milk during pregnancy and after birth

Posterior Part of Pituitary Gland Secretes (hormone)

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Oxytocin

Antiduretic Hormone; ADH (pituitary gland)

stimulates transcription of water by kidneys

Oxytocin; OT (pituitary gland)

stimulates uterine contractions during labor and release of breast milk

Hypothalamus (brain) Secretes Hormones

Antidiuretic Hormone

Oxytocin

Antidiuretic Hormone; ADH (hypothalamus function)

stimulates reabsorption of water in the kidneys

Oxytocin (hypothalamus function)

stimulates uterus contractions during labor and release of breast milk

Pineal Gland (brain) Secretes Hormone

Melatonin

Melatonin (pineal gland)

regulates onset of puberty, biological clock

Thyroid Gland

-produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth

-base of the neck, just below the Adam's Apple

Thyroid Gland Secretes Hormones

T3 and T4

Calcitonin

T3 and T4 (thyroid Gland)

cellular metabolism

Cellular Metabolism

all the chemical activities of a cell

Calcitonin; CT (thyroid gland)

increase bone calcium

Parathyroid Glands

-small pea-like organs that regulate calcium and phosphate balance in blood, bones, and other tissues

Parathyroid Glands Secrete what hormone?

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Parathyroid Hormone; PTH (parathyroid gland)

regulates calcium and phosphorus levels in blood and bones

Thymus

posterior to the sternum

Thymus secretes what hormone?

thymosin

Thymosin (thymus hormone)

development of cells in the immune system

Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

chronic disease characterized by the inability to properly metabolize insulin

Diabetes Mellitus Type 1

-body stops making insulin

-usually born with disorder

-requires insulin replacement

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

-associated with obesity

-genetic predisposition

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)

-occurs during pregnancy

-usually temporary

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) Symptoms

-irregular menstrual periods

-elevated hormone levels

-cysts on ovaries

Gigantism and Acromegaly

results from an excess of growth hormone from the pituitary gland

Hyperthyroidism (Grave's Disease) Symptoms

-autoimmune disorder

-excessive thyroid hormone

-weight loss

-heat tolerance

-anxiety

-increased heart rate

Hypothyroidism

-underactive thyroid gland

-weight gain

-fatigue

-slow heart rate

-myxedema (swelling of the skin and underlying tissues)

Cretinism (congenital hypothyroidism)

-a condition of severe physical and mental retardation

- due to iodine deficiency

-specifically due to deficiency of thyroid hormones during early pregnancy

Cushing's syndrome

high levels of the hormone cortisol from the adrenal glands over long periods of time

Goiter

-irregular growth of the thyroid gland

-treated with iodine or surgery

Aden/o

gland (part of the body that secretes hormones, such as the adenoids in the throat

Calc/o

calcium (mineral that regulates various bodily functions, including bone health)

Cortic/o

cortex, outer region

Crin/o

to secrete

Estr/o

estrogen (primary female sex hormone, vital for reproductive and other psychological processes)

Gluc/o

glucose (vital energy source and plays central role in blood sugar regulation)

Kal/i

potassium (electrolyte crucial for nerve and muscle function and overall body health)

Thyr/o

thyroid cartilage

Myxedema is a condition caused by which disorder?

Hypothyroidism

Adrenal gland is located

on top of the kidneys

Pituitary gland is located

base of the brain

Thyroid gland is located

below the Adam's apple

The thymus gland is located

posterior to the sternum

The pancreas is located

behind the stomach

A high glucose level due to the inadequate secretion of insulin is ____.

diabetes mellitus

Secondary osteoporosis corresponds to the

parathyroid gland

Goiter corresponds with the

thyroid gland

Cushing's Syndrome corresponds with the

adrenal gland

Obesity and family history are factors for which of the following?

diabetes mellitus type 2

Which of the following is a disorder involving enlargement of the thyroid gland?

goiter

Which of the following can result from a disorder of the pituitary gland?

gigantism

Which of the following results from an overactive thyroid gland?

Graves's disease

Which of the following is treated with iodine?

goiter

Which of the following presents with cold intolerance, hair loss, weight gain and low blood pressure?

hypothyroidism

In which of the following conditions is too much cortisol produced?

cushing's syndrome

Which of the following is an autoimmune disease?

grave's disease

Prolonged stress inhibits the body's immune responses by _______

increasing the release of cortisol

Which of the following results from an underactive thyroid gland?

myxedema

Which hormone is secreted by the pituitary to increase thyroid production?

TSH

The _______ gland helps regulate calcium in the blood

parathyroid

What hormone is secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas?

glucagon

Testosterone is secreted by the

testes

the exocrine glands release hormones into

a duct; for delivery to the target cells

Which type of diabetes occurs in pregnancy?

gestational diabetes

The pituitary secretes follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). What is this hormone's responsibility in the body?

growth of ova and sperm

Which gland secretes both epinephrine and norepinephrine?

adrenals