CSD: chapter 5: Developmental Speech Disorders

Articulation

The physical ability to produce speech sounds. A speaker manipulates the articulators, include the tongue, lips, and velum, to produce required place and manner distinctions.

Articulatory system

Used to shape (or articulate) sounds using active (lips, tongue, jaw, glottis, uvula) and passive articulators (aveolar ridge, teeth, pharynx, velum, epiglottis, esophagus)

Articulators

(Lips, tongue, jaw, and velum)

Articulation Disorder

Difficulties producing speech sounds and speech sound sequences that interfere with communication.

Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS)

A congenital neurological speech disorder with words dominated by simple syllable shapes, vowel errors, and sounds that develop early.

Consonants

a speech sound or letter made by blocking or changing the flow of air in your mouth using your teeth, tongue, or lips.

Dysarthria

Neuromuscular speech disorder

Bilabial

A consonant sound produced by two lips. (Ex: /p/ /b/

active articulators

Lips, tongue, jaw, glottis, uvula)

Functional disorder

A disorder with no physical cause; the cause of the disorder cannot be determined

Fricative

A consonant produced by forcing air between two articulators (ex: /s/ /z/ /f/ /v/)

Fronting

A common pattern in which children substitute /t/ for /d/ and say tat for cat; or produce /k/ for /g/ and say doat for goat

Independent Analysis

Approach to the assessment of speech sound development.

-summarizes a child’s speech sound productions without comparison to the adult sound system

Intelligibility

The ability to understand the words that someone else is producing

International Phonetic Alphabet

A standardized set of symbols that represent the phonemes in English

In English sounds are referred to as:

Bilabial, labial/velar, labiodental, lingua-dental, lingua alveolar, lingua palatal, lingua velar, glottal

Linguistic Approach

• learning rules about how sounds are used and combined in the language and on strategies to reorganize the phonological system.

Manner of Articulation

The amount and type (ex: oral v. Nasal) of constriction during the production of phonemes

Mild

Involves a few sounds that do not necessarily impact a speaker’s intelligibility or ability to make their needs and wants known to others

Moderate

May involve multiple sounds, involve some developmental patterns, and impact social, cognitive, and academic development to a measurable extent.

Motor based approach (also called articulation approach)

-phoneme (sound) oriented and based on motor learning principles.

-most involve some sort of perception training

Motor Speech Disorder

2nd subtype in Speech Disorders Classification system.

Motor speech Disorder categories:

1) apraxia

2) dysarthria

3) not otherwise specified

Organic disorders

Disorders that have a physical cause

Oral-peripheral examination

Examination of the structures used to produce speech and the adequacy of their movement for speech production

Percent Consonants Correct (PCC)

Metric developed by Shriberg and Kwiatkowski (1982)

-calculated by summing the number of consonants produced correctly, dividing that by the number of total consonants produced, and multiplying the divided times 100.

Percent Consonants Correct (PCC) estimate qualifiers:

-mild (PCC= 85%)

-moderate (PCC= 65-85%)

-moderate-severe (PCC= 50-60%)

-severe (PCC= 50%)

Phonatory system

Involves the larynx which modifies the airflow from the lungs to produce an acoustic signal via the vocal folds.

Phoneme

Speech sounds of the language that can change meaning (ex: pan v. fan)

Phonological disorder

Difficulty understanding and implementing the language conventions for producing speech sounds and speech sound sequences

Phonological processes

Simplifications of adult-like productions of words. Some of the more common processes are weak syllable deletion, final consonant deletion, and velar fronting (substitution of a /t/ or /d/ for a /k/ or /g/)

Phonology

The study of the organization of sounds; language rules that govern how sounds are combined to create words

Place of Articulation

The place of constriction for the production of phonemes

Passive articulators

Alveolar ridge, teeth, pharynx, velum, epiglottis, esophagus

Relational analysis

Most common assessment approach

• each sound produced by the individual is compared to the sounds used by adults in the ambient (surrounding) language.

Severe

Associated with multiple speech errors, consistent or inconsistent phonological pattern use, and/or involvement of respiratory, phonatory or articulatory systems such that the individual has substantial difficulty communicating, developing and maintaining relationships, and learning.

Severity

Related but separate indicator of phonological ability that is often estimated using a metric called percent consonants correct (PCC)

Screening (formal, informal)

First step in the assessment process.

Informal- (ex: asking child to repeat words)

Formal- usually involve published instruments that include normative data and cut off scored so the SLP can compare scores obtained by the individual to other children.

Speech delay

Articulation errors or phonological processes that are often seen in younger, normally developing children.

Speech Sound Disorder

Difficulties with perception, motor production, and/or the phonological representation of speech sounds and segments that interfere with communication

Speech Delay Subtypes:

1) genetic (56%)

2) otitis media with effusion (30%)

3) developmental/psychosocial (12%)

stimulability

Stimulable sounds are taught in a systematic way moving from sounds in isolation: (/s/) words (Sun, ice, Christmas), phrases, sentences, and structured conversation.

-not all sounds are stimulable

Spontaneous speech and language sample

A transcribed sample of an individual’s speech and language during a functional communication situation.

Vocal tract

the air passage in humans and animals that extends from the top of the vocal folds up to the lips and nose, acting as a main resonator and filter to shape sounds into speech and singing

Voicing

Vibration of the vocal folds during the production of a phoneme

Vowels

Do not require constriction of the airway to be produced. Most commonly described as: front, back, high, low, and central