Animal Science Terms

Flashcards in vocabulary style.

Northern and Southern Plains States

Feedlot operations are primarily located in these states due to the abundance of grain.

Horns

A qualitative genetic trait transmitted by one gene pair, such as horns in cattle, sheep, or goats.

Sex-limited trait

When a genetic trait is associated with only one of the two sexes.

Genetic selection & artificial insemination

Two key factors contributing to a successful dairy herd improvement program.

Concentration of larger operations

The primary reason for increased pork production in North Carolina and the southeastern states.

25% homozygous polled, 50% heterozygous polled and 25% homozygous horned

The genotypic ratios for F2 offspring when mating F1 generation sire (Pp) to a dam (Pp) where P is dominant for polled and p is recessive for horned.

75% polled and 25% horned

The phenotypic ratios for F2 offspring when mating F1 generation sire (Pp) to a dam (Pp) where P is dominant for polled and p is recessive for horned.

Feed cost

The single largest cost in pork production.

Breed

A variety of animal related by descent and similar in distinguishable characteristics.

No comparative breed data was available at the time to compair breed performances

The reason beef cattle promoters could capitalize on merchandising a certain breed as the ultimate in the 1940s.

Carcass leanness; Rate of lean gain & efficiency of lean gain; and Backfat thickness & dressing percentage

Traits considered quantitative or of economic importance in pork production, such as carcass leanness, rate and efficiency of lean gain, and backfat thickness.

Selection needs to establish grain-fed cattle that produced greater % lean, economic pressure to produce more weight in a short period of time, and beef cattle promoters marketing a certain breed as having the ultimate traits

Reasons for large importations of different breeds of beef cattle in the 1960s and 1970s, including selection needs, economic pressure, and marketing.

Sex-linked trait

When genes for a trait occur on the sex chromosomes.

Poultry product promotions, many retail cuts and choices available, and consumer attitudes about red meat

Reasons for doubled poultry and turkey consumption in recent years.

False

The statement about vertically integrated production systems of most corporate farms having less advantages in animal production than family farms.

Selection allows breeders to preserve genetic superiority; Breeders use selection techniques that allow them to address the genetic improvement needs of individual producers; Selection allows certain animals to become parents of the next offspring

True statements about livestock selection, including preserving genetic superiority, addressing genetic improvement needs, and allowing certain animals to become parents.

full-sibs, the performance of the individual animal, half-sibs, and parents

Sources of genetic data used in EPD (Expected Progeny Difference) estimation, including full-sibs, individual performance, half-sibs, and parents.

decrease use of standard wool, increase use of synthetic products in place of wool, and decrease in mutton and lamb consumption

Reasons for decreasing sheep production nationwide, including decreased wool use, increased synthetics, and decreased consumption.

generation interval

The average age of parents when they produce their first offspring.

50%XY and 50% XX

The percentage of XY and XX offspring produced when mating a bull (XY) to a cow (XX).

identify animals, collect data, and keep a good set of records

Necessary actions for seedstock producers or farmers to use good judgment in selection methods, including identifying animals, collecting data, and keeping records.

Wisconsin is leading state in the nation in cheese production and Wisconsin is leading state in the nation in the total number (inventory) of dairy cattle farms

True statements about the dairy industry in Wisconsin, including leading in cheese production and total dairy cattle farms.

False

The statement about per capita consumption of meat products from 1970 to 1998 indicating increasing beef consumption, steady broiler consumption, and decreasing pork production.

sex-influenced trait

A trait in sheep where the gene for horns appears dominant in males but recessive in females.

selection differential

The difference in performance between selected animals and the average of the herd.

phenotype

The expression of the genotype to the environment.

heterozygous Polled

The genotype of offspring resulting from mating a sire (PP) to a dam (pp) where P is dominant polled and p is recessive horned.

Brown Swiss & Ayrshire have greater longivity of milk production than Holsteins, Holsteins produce more milk at peak production than Brown Swiss or Ayrshire, and Variations exist within and between these breeds for milk production

Important known facts about dairy cattle milk production, including longevity and peak production variations between breeds.

Texas

The U.S. state with the highest sheep population.

False

The statement about poultry industry being highly efficient due to specialized production in different phases by several companies.

True

The statement about advances in AI (artificial insemination) helping genetic improvement and controlling reproductive diseases.

animal environment on the farm

Something in animal production that is not a trait.

because of lack of grain, religious and cultural taboos, and grain is a staple food of some communities of the world

Reasons swine are not raised or pork is not consumed in many parts of the world, including lack of grain, religious taboos, and grain as a staple food.

Japan

The largest market for U.S. pork exports.

gene

The simplest unit of inheritance.

Jersey

The breed of dairy cows to milk for a premium based on milk fat content to produce cheeses and butter.

True

The statement about most US egg and broiler production being owned and controlled by vertically integrated companies.

inheritance

The genetical term for the transmission of genes from parents to offspring.

True

The statement regarding the number of dairy cows decreasing but milk production per cow increasing.

False

The statement about pounds-per-capita meat consumption being higher for developing countries than industrialized countries.

Texas

The U.S. state with the highest number of cow-calf operations.

False

The statement about variations in milk yield and percentage milk fat between breeds, but the same efficiency of production per 100 lbs of body weight.

Georgia

he leading state in broiler production.

True

Statement indicating ruminants are good converters of roughages into animal protein for human consumption.

California

Leading state in milk production.

all of the abbove

Reasons for increased milk production per cow, including breeding, feeding, sanitation, and management.

Iowa

The leading state in swine production.

1.7%

Approximate percentage of U.S. population represented by farmers.

False

Statement indicating animals in the USA compete for the same sources of food as humans.

"Lean-meat type" pig

The current goal of swine producers.

feed costs

Common largest cost of pork production in the pork industry.

Pietrian

The breed of swine prone to porcine stress syndrome (PSS).

North Carolina

The leading state in turkey production.

USA

The leading country in the world for milk production.

concentration of larger operations

The reason for increased milk production in California.

egg type - layers and meat type - broilers

Classifications of poultry breeds.

Dairy enterprise

The most labor-intensive animal enterprise with high investment needs per animal unit.

5 pounds

The selection differential for bull #1063 weighed 75 pounds at birth, but the herd average birth weight for his farm is 70 pounds.

Iowa

The leading state in table egg production.

Tyson Foods

The leading broiler production company.

because of lack of grain, religious and cultural taboos, and grain is a staple food of some communities of the world

Reasons swine are not raised or pork is not consumed in many parts of the world, including lack of grain, religious taboos, and grain as a staple food.

India

The leading country in the world for the number of beef cattle.

Holstein

Cow breed which if given a premium for milk production will produce the most amount fo fluid milk

China

The leading country in the world for the number of swine.

True

Ruminants being very efficient converters of roughages into animal protein.

Wisconsin

The leading state in cheese production.

all of the above

Reasons for doubled poultry and turkey consumption in recent years.

Wisconsin

The state with the most dairy farms in the USA.

True

Percentage of dairy steers that make up the total beef products that are sold and consumed in Wisconsin

Bovine

The development and marketing of breeding stock moved from the farm to specialized genetic companies.

50% heterozygous Polled & 50% homozygous horned

If a sire with the genotype Pp is mated to a dam with the genotype pp, the genotypic offspring resulting from this mating will be: _

50% polled & 50% horned

If a sire with the genotype Pp is mated to a dam with the genotype pp, the phenotypic offspring resulting from this mating will be: _

Independent culling

selection system most used on a livestock farm

a concentration of larger operations

The state of Wisconsin is known for its abundance of dairy farms and dairy cows. Milk production increase in California is as a result of:

50% homozygous polled and 50% heterozygous polled

Sire is PP mated with dam Pp, what will the genotypic result be?

inbreeding

The mating of animals that are more closely related than the average of the breed or population is known as:

Independent culling

the most used selection system/method for breeding stock replacement in livestock enterprises across Wisconsin

Selection index, independent culling & tandem selection

Rank the following selection systems based on the best, better and good selection systems.

False

As a student of animal genetics, you would advise a producer to select a boar or gilt from a large litter of 13 pigs farrowed on the farm within which we have one pig that is a cryptorchid or has umbilical hernia in the litter.

False

In livestock selection, breeders often advise producers not to spend more selection efforts on livestock traits that are largely influenced by heredity.

True

Genetic variation in animals forms the basis for livestock selection.

True

Mating systems are identified primarily by the genetic relationship between the animals being mated.

backfat thickness

Which of the following trait(s) in animal genetic terms would be considered as a carcass or carcass trait(s):

Selection allows breeders to preserve genetic superiority; Breeders use selection techniques that allow them to address the genetic improvement needs of individual producers; Selection allows certain animals to become parents of the next offspring

True statements about livestock selection, including perserving genetic superiority, addressing genetic improvement needs, and allowing certain animals to become parents.

heterosis

The increase in performance in the crossbred progeny over the average of their parents is often referred to as:

Selection Index

The selection system from class that is the most accurate selection system

Tandem selection

The selection system that should be the least used on a farm

False

Statement on if the farrowing house is the most complex environment because sows must be kept at high temperatures, and newborns 68-70 degrees

outbreeding

The mating of animals that are of the same established breed but are not closely related is known as:

Mare & ewe

Which of the following domesticated farm animals are known to be seasonally polyestrus?

All of the above are correct

Reasons producers castrate meat animals

False

Statement on hereditary factors being temporary and environmental factors being permanent

Selection allows breeders to preserve genetic superiority; Breeders use selection techniques that allow them to address the genetic improvement needs of individual producers; Selection allows certain animals to become parents of the next offspring

True statements about livestock selection, including perserving genetic superiority, addressing genetic improvement needs, and allowing certain animals to become parents.

True

statement that today's US farmers produce more food with fewer resources

none of the above

Poultry consumption has decreased due to what

gene

the simplest unit of inheritance

inheristance

transmission of genes from parent to offpsring

True

Selection is looked upon as preventing some animals from reproducing while allowing other animals to become parents of the next generation.

all of the above

America's high yield is a result of…

Phenotype

The expression of the genotype to the environment is known as the: