APUSH AMSCO Period 2 Vocab

corporate colonies

Colonies operated by joint-stock companies during the early years of the colonies (ex: Jamestown)

capital

How much trade, machinery, manufacturing u can do

fixed pie theory

• Reasoning that there was only so much wealth in the word → exports = paying you

  • Gaining (exports), losing (imports)

• pie: measured in gold + silver

royal colonies

colonies directly controlled by the English king through appointed governors

proprietary colonies

colonies where the proprietors (who had obtained their patents from the king) named the governors, subject to the king's approval

John Cabot

English explorer who claimed Newfoundland for England

joint-stock company

A company made up of a group of shareholders (ex: Virginia Company)

Jamestown

First permanent English settlement in North America (1607)

Captain John Smith

English explorer who helped found the colony at Jamestown

John Rolfe

Jamestown colony leader who showed that tobacco could be grown successfully in Virginia

Pocahontas

A native Indian of America who was one of the first to marry an Englishman, John Rolfe

Virginia

royal colony that was the first enduring English colony in America

separatists

radical dissenters who wanted a new church independent of royal control (Pilgrims)

pilgrims

Group of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom

Mayflower

ship that brought the Pilgrims to America

Plymouth Colony

A colony established by the English Pilgrims, or Seperatists in 1620

Massachusetts Bay Colony

settlement formed by moderate dissenters who believed the church could be reformed

John Winthrop

Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony and speaker of "City upon a hill"

Great Migration

15,000 Puritans from England that followed the 1,000 o.g Puritans into the Massachusetts Bay Colony

Mayflower Compact

written agreement to make political decisions by the will of the majority

Cecil Calvert

English coloniser who was the first proprietor of the Maryland colony

Lord Baltimore

Catholic noble who was the founder of Maryland

Act of Toleration

granted religious freedom to all Christians in MARYLAND

Indentured servants

colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for their labor for 4-7 years

Headright system

50 acres of land given to immigrants who paid their own passages and agreed to work the land or to plantation owners who paid for immigrants passage over (starting in Jamestown, Virginia in 1618, and later expanding to Maryland, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina)

Sir William Berkeley

governor whom the Bacon Rebellion was led against

Bacon's Rebellion

rebellion led by a rich farmer against governor Berkeley over taxes + lack of support on frontier from NA (where he lives)

Roger Williams

He founded Rhode Island for separation of church and state (church couldnt control someones mind) after having been ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony

tobacco farms

these were mainly small farms in North Carolina

Anne Hutchinson

she preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders, an idea that forced her to leave Massachusetts and led her and her followers to settle in Portsmouth, which later became part of Rhode Island + believer of antinomianism

antinomianism

The idea that faith alone, not deeds, is necessary for salvation

Middle Passage

the sea journey undertaken by slave ships from West Africa to the West Indies (Bahamas, Jamaica, Barbados) and North America

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

first written constitution in America

Quakers

People of Pennsylvania who preached equality

Connecticut

corporate colony that was big on democratic ideas and had the first written constitution

New Hampshire

royal colony founded on the basis of trade and fishing

halfway covenant

allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church

New England Confederation

New England colonists formed this in 1643 as a defense against local Native American tribes

Wampanoags

Native American tribe who's chief (metacom/king phillip) united many tribes in southern New England against the English settlers

Metacom

Native American chief who fought against English colonists in the King Philip's War

King Phillip's War/Metacom’s War

War between the Native American tribes of New England and British colonists that took place from 1675-1676

The Carolinas

royal colonies home to cash crops, trade, and farming

rice plantations

These plantations grew food for the West Indies, relied on slave labor, and were found in South Carolina

Glorious Revolution

the overthrow of King James II of England

New York

royal middle colony taken from the Dutch by the British

New Jersey

royal middle colony with fairly cheap land and religious toleration

William Penn

Quaker that founded Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania

proprietary colony founded on the basis of peace and religious refuge

Holy Experiment

William Penn's term for the government of Pennsylvania, which was supposed to serve everyone and provide freedom for all

triangular trade

A system in which goods and slaves were traded among the Americas, Britain, and Africa

Charter of Liberties (1702)

guaranteed freedom of worship for all and unrestricted immigration in Pennsylvania

Delaware

proprietary colony consisting of the lower three counties of Pennsylvania granted their own assembly in 1702

Georgia

royal colony created with the purpose of serving as a defensive buffer and a place for British who had debt to go

James Oglethorpe

Georgia's first governor

mercantilism

as wealth turned from land → capital, economic philosophy trade/colonies/wealth accumulation as the basis for a country's military/political strength

• goal to make as much $ as possible

  • pie: measured in gold + silver

• U want ur country to hoard bullion

• encouraged high exports, low imports

• mindset to keep capital in ur country

Navigation Acts

mercantilist policy implemented by England to establish rules for colonial trade

Dominion of New England

New England colonies combined into a single unit in 1686 by Britain to increase British royal control over the colonies

Puritans

people of the Massachusetts Bay Colony who believed the church could be reformed

Rhode Island

colony founded by Roger Williams that was a place of religious refuge

slavery

A system of enforced servitude in which some people are owned by other people

Chattel slavery

idea that offspring of a slave is a slave (impossible to break slavery cycle)

"city upon a hill"

name for Massachusetts Bay Colony coined by John Winthrop

Pueblo Revolt (1680)

Revolt by Pueblo Indians in New Mexico against Spain, mainly b/c of aggressive tactics from the Roman Catholic Church to convert NA’s, temporarily successful

salutary neglect

lax enforcement to keep colonies obedient and profitable; esp when it came to mercantilism/navigation acts

Stono Uprising/Rebellion (1739)

150 South Carolina slaves rose up and killed several white planters

• Raided towns

• Took guns

• Killed shopowners + locals

They marched toward Spanish Florida (SC)

• Freed 40+ slaves

• Killed 20+ White ppl

Caught by local militia after a few days; many killed

religious toleration

the idea that all of the colonies permitted the practice of different religions, but with various degrees of freedom

social mobility

idea that people who weren't slaves in colonial society had an opportunity to improve their standard of living and social status by hard work

Scotch-Irish

English speakers, protestants, that emigrated from northern Ireland to the colonies - didn’t like the English b/c they forced them out of Ireland

Huguenots

French Protestants

Great Awakening

movement characterized by passionate expressions of religious feeling among many people

George Whitefield

spread the Great Awakening throughout the colonies -taught that ordinary ppl w/ faith could understand gospels w/o a minister

hereditary aristocracy

A form of government in which rule is in the hands of the upper class, but this was not the case in the colonies

nonsectarian

not limited to or associated with a particular religious denomination

colonial families

the economic and social center of colonial life; ppl married younger + gave birth to more children

subsistence farming

farming that provided just enough food to feed the family

established church

the church of a particular place financed by colonial governments through taxes and typically reflected the colonies' Protestant denomination

Benjamin Franklin

considered the most successful writer of the 18th century, acclaimed scientist, founder of a college

Poor Richard's Almanack

Benjamin Franklin's widely read annual publication filled with aphorisms, weather forecasts, and practical advice.

John Bartram

Self-taught botanist of Philadelphia

sectarian

devoted to a particular religious sect, promote the doctrines of a certain religious group

Phillis Wheatley

American poet (born in Africa) who was the first recognized Black writer in America, freed after she released her poems

John Peter Zenger

Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700s

enlightenment

18th century intellectual and philosophical movement that brought about the age of reason

colonial governors

In the royal colonies, these were appointed by the King; in the proprietary colonies, these were appointed by the proprietor, in corporate colonies, these were elected by popular vote

Germans

group of immigrants that settled on the farmlands west of Philadelphia

town meetings

meetings in colonial New England where settlers discussed and voted on issues - turned out to be more of a place to “reach a consensus and to avoid conflict and real choices”

Andrew Hamilton

attorney in the Zenger case who made the first step toward freedom of the press

Johnathan Edwards

person who helped start the great awakening; he made the idea that a God that was angry w/ human sins; those who repented = saved, those who ignored commandments = eternal damnation

county government

In the South, local government was carried on by a sheriff and other officials

limited democracy

government that includes voting but does not allow everyone to vote

enumerated goods

name for the most profitable goods

corporate colony

type of colony owned by a joint-stock company

royal colony

colony ruled by direct authority and rule of king's government

proprietary colonies

colonies under control of people that had been granted charters by the king

House of Burgesses

legislature of Virginia organized as a system of representative government

Frame of Government (1682-1683)

William Penn's constitutional plan granting Pennsylvania an elected representative assembly.

Virginia Company

Joint-stock company chartered by King James I that established the Jamestown settlement.

Chesapeake Colonies

Colonial region comprising Virginia and Maryland, characterized by tobacco agriculture and coerced labor.

Physicians

Colonial medical practitioners who generally learned their craft through practical apprenticeships rather than formal schools.

lawyers

Legal professionals whose status and necessity rose as colonial trade and political disputes expanded.