Unite 10 Study Guide

13th Amendment:
- what is impacted

- states that slavery may no longer exist: the purpose is to abolish it
- Impacts the entirety of America: North and South

What is a loophole of the 13th amendment?:

• abolished slavery/involuntary servitude, expect for punishment for a crime

- used by people in the South, so that slaves will stay in the South, and their givens rights are abused
- forced for Southerns to utilize free labor
- black Americans were punished with petty crimes to overrule laws that advocated for black rights

What is the difference between the 13th amendment and the Emancipation Proclamation?:

Emancipation Proclamation:
- is simply said and can be easily repealed, this is created to initiate the abolishment of slavery
13th Amendment:
- a constitutional amendment that officially abolishes slavery throughout the country

Juneteenth:
- how many years does it take some slaves to finally be free after the amendments?

- Recognized this date as it references the last group of people to be freed in the United States
-however some people are only notified of this 2 years after

Lincoln's 10% Plan:

- requires 10% of voters from the 1866 election to sign an oath of loyalty + accepts the end of slavery

Johnson's Plan:

- Johnson himself holds racist views
- does not support the formation of the confederacy
- wants the oath of loyalty in exchange for a pardon/amnesty

certain people are barred from the oath:
- graduates of military academies
- high ranking leaders
- wealthy supporters

- DOES NOT guarantee civil rights for african americans

Military (Radical) Reconstruction Act:

• a plan to re-introduce the south into the general united states

• divides new states into 5 military districts with union generals overseeing them

• also requires states to ratify the 14th amendment to the constitution of black americans could vote

What were some Southern reactions to reconstruction?

- the creation of Black codes
- passed by Southern state governments
- creates limitations for black Americans

What limitations were created for black Americans? (sharecropping and it’s impacts)

Sharecropping:
- manipulation by white farmers to keep black people in debt
- "rent" land in exchange percentage of crop yield
- no exchange of money (how debt continues, given the bare minimum for store credit at a store to pay back)
- not a lot of job opportunities, so these are mostly the only jobs that they can find. It is illegal to not have a job at this point.
- this is a way for wealthy people to gate-keep land ownership and easily accumulate wealth

What is Congress v. Johnson?

• more specifically, what was the result?

president johnson is impeached

Freedmen's Bureau (March 1865)

Social programs for the formerly enslaved
Food, healthcare, jobs, shelter, etc
Creation of HBCUs (colleges for black Americans)

Power of Radical Republicans under Johnson (Amendments):
- What two things are passed at this time?

- 14th Amendment
- 15th Amendment

14th Amendment:

- citizenship guaranteed to all American born people
- state governments may not infringe on citizenship
- establishments of equal protection under the law
- Reduced congressional reps for suffrage limitaitons
- banned anyone that "engaged in insurrection" from serving in federal government

List the main purposes of the 13th, 14th and 15th amendments

13th: slavery is abolished

14th: defines citizenship

15th: the right to vote regardless of race

Election of 1868:

- Grant (republican) is deemed the winner
- Impacts black voters
- the first black representatives are voted in
- symbol of hope for people, and is a step towards unity and equality

Grant's Presidency:

- continues radical reconstruction policies
- passes the 15th amendment ~ black people can now vote
- pursed costly industrialization projects

- problems with corruption
- creates more resentment in the South
- they believe that the north is still against them + southern backlash

What were carpetbaggers and scalawags?

carpetbaggers- Northerners who went to the south to make a profit off of their economic situation
scalawags- White southerners who supported the republican party and reconstruction

What was the "lost cause" narrative?

- a book that was written in an attempt to say that the civil war was not about slavery, and that it was a good thing
- used to justify slavery
- separate from the issue of slavery
- make it the fault of the north
- used to glorify the confederacy
- schools are named after it, etc
- it is easier to write about --> the people who experienced it are dead

describe the creation of the KKK and white league:

- Domestic terrorist groups
- made up by people in power
- a coalition of confederate veterans, officials, and wealthy white southern men and poor southerners

MOST IMPORTANT:
- they encourage violence
- voter intimidation
- threats

Why was there the creation of the Justice Department?
- who enforced this (which president)

- created to protect civil rights/prosecute civil rights violations
- enables the government to go after people who are against black people/other races
- power for federal courts to enforce
- empower the use of the military force to enforce (specifically in the South)
- criminalized the KKK
- Grant

Describe the Civil Rights Act of 1875
+ which president?

- Grant
- to protect all citizens in their civil and legal rights regardless of race

Why did northern support lessen?

- Over time, many Northerners grew tired of the Reconstruction effort, believing the South should manage its own affairs, leading to a decline in political and public support for protecting Black rights in the South.
- Reconstruction programs were expensive to maintain, and many taxpayers in the North resented the continued financial burden.

- Numerous scandals, such as those during Ulysses S. Grant's presidency, weakened public trust in the federal government and undermined support for its involvement in the South.

How did the push for industrialization in the North help kill reconstruction?

Northern focus shifted away from Southern Reconstruction toward building a stronger industrial economy, drawing attention and resources away from Southern issues.

How did threats for black activists break apart reconstruction?:

• what group in specific may this apply to?

• how did they stop/threaten black americans?

Groups like the Ku Klux Klan used terror and violence to suppress Black political participation and civil rights, intimidating those who supported Reconstruction.

What was the panic of 1873?

A severe economic depression caused by financial instability and overexpansion led to high unemployment and shifted national priorities away from Reconstruction.

Coinage Act of 1873

This act ended the minting of silver dollars, contributing to deflation and economic distress, particularly for farmers and working-class Americans, and increasing public discontent.

Bankruptcy of Jay Cooke and Company

The collapse of this major investment bank triggered the Panic of 1873, worsening the national economy and reducing support for costly Reconstruction policies.

Resurgence of Democratic Party

As Reconstruction policies became unpopular, Democrats regained power in the South, advocating for white supremacy and limited federal intervention.

Redeemers

A political coalition of Southern Democrats who aimed to "redeem" the South from Republican control and restore white dominance in government.

1874 Midterms: which party gains control of the house and why

In the 1874 elections, Democrats gained control of the House, reflecting growing public dissatisfaction with Republican leadership and Reconstruction policies.

Election of 1876: Rutherford B. Hayes (R) vs. Samuel Tilden (D)

A highly contested and controversial presidential election in which Tilden won the popular vote, but electoral votes were disputed in several states.

Evidence of Election Tampering

Accusations arose from both sides about voter fraud, intimidation, and manipulation of election returns, especially in Southern states.

Compromise of 1877

• which person gets the presidency

A political agreement that resolved the 1876 election dispute by awarding the presidency to Hayes in exchange for concessions to Southern Democrats.

Presidency in Exchange for: Removal of U.S. Troops from South

As part of the Compromise of 1877, federal troops were withdrawn from the South, effectively ending Reconstruction and allowing white supremacist governments to regain control.

Presidency in Exchange for: At Least One Southern (Democratic) Cabinet Member

To appease the South, Hayes agreed to appoint at least one Southern Democrat to his cabinet.

Presidency in Exchange for: Southern Transcontinental Railroad

The deal included plans for federal investment in building a transcontinental railroad through the South to boost the regional economy.

Presidency in Exchange for: Pro-Industrialization Legislation for the South

The compromise promised federal support for policies that would help industrialize and modernize the Southern economy.

The role of the Supreme court in unraveling reconstruction:
- only list

- Slaughter House Cases
- US vs Cruikshank
- US vs Reese
- Civil Rights Cases

Slaughter House Cases:

ruled that a citizen's "privileges and immunities," as protected by the Constitution's Fourteenth Amendment against the states, were limited to those spelled out in the Constitution and did not include many rights given by the individual states.

US vs Cruikshank

the 14th amendment says that if the constitution is violated by a citizen, only the state can prosecute them unless federal laws were also violated.

US vs Reese

15th does not guarantee suffrage (the right to vote), but prohibits exclusion based off race

Civil rights cases

- 13th and 14th did not limit the ability of private individuals to discriminate based on race nor empowered congress to punish those actions
- effectively, it repeals the CRA of 1875

Plessy v. Ferguson
- what is it
- what are the results

- Plessy is of mixed race, and the seperate car act was passed in his time (seperating people according to race)
- Plessy sat in the white car, and refuses to move when asked
- claims that this act goes against past legislation on equality
- established constitutionality of "separate but equal" doctrine
legalized racial segregation

Describe the rise of Jim Crow

- makes fun of african americans through theater
- Jim Crow is a character within these shows
- refers to the idea of legal segregation

De jure + de facto
- has to do with what

De jure: refers to laws passed to make segregation happen KEY: on purpose

De facto: segregation - areas that experience different things like ridgewood and patterson. multiple factors of the population are different

Has to do with jim crow

Name some voting restrictions:

• more or less, explain the poll tax, grandfather clause, and guess one more

Literacy tests
Poll tax

• a fee had to be paid for voting
  Grandfather clause

• grandfather must have/been able to vote

Exoduster Movement

• primarily to and out of where?

a mass migration of African Americans from the South to the Great Plains, primarily Kansas, between the late 1870s and early 1880s

Great Migration

~6 million to North, Midwest, West

What were black codes?

series of laws that were created by southern states to limit the freedom of black people.

• it was a crime to be unemployed

• breakage of law would result in unpaid labor/slavery

• not being able to carry weapons, etc

What were the enforcement acts?

split the south into 5 counties. each county had a general/manager that kept military oversight of these places to ensure that white supremacist groups and black peoples rights did not get out of control