AMSCO AP Euro 2.1-2.3

Before the Middle Ages, dozens of Christianity sects existed. What did the Church do to these sects?

The Church worked to remove the sects which it considered heresies

During the 11th century what did differences in religious and political beliefs begin?

During the 11th century, differences in religious and political beliefs ultimately led to the division of Christianity into Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholicism

Who was John Wycliffe?

English cleric and scholar

What did John Wycliffe do?

He publicly challenged doctrines and practices of the Roman Catholic Church

Translated the Bible into English in the 1380s

What inspirational figure did Wycliffe inspire?

Martin Luther was inspired by him

What happened at the start of the 16th century?

At the start of the 16th century, the religious revolution known as the Reformation changed and divided Europe

Protestant Reformers began disagreeing with Catholic practices

What happened after the Reformation?

After, the Catholic Reformation followed and brought Catholicism back

What did the Catholic Reformation not allow?

Allowed no reconciliation with Protestants

What were the changes caused by differences in religion?

The division between Catholics and Protestants changes ideas of wealth and culture

The concept that the people God favored would be rewarded with wealth grew popular

How did these religious conflicts impact states?

These religious conflicts fragmented relationships among states both politically and economically

What happened during the 16-17th century in Europe?

16-17th century, commercial and agriculture capitalism emerged in Europe

What did commercial and agriculture capitalism replace?

Replaced traditional economic institutions of the Middle Ages like feudalism

What happened as commerce grew in Europe?

As commerce grew, cities grew too and populations migrated more

Women's education was heavily debated as they joined male-dominated work forces in minor roles

What did the new development of European secular systems of law bring?

New development of European secular systems of law brought sovereign states to replace the medieval Christendom

New local governments gave power to local leaders instead of religious institutions

What does sovereign mean?

A supreme ruler, especially a monarch

What was one of the main reasons behind Luther's demand for religious reform?

The Catholic church's sale of indulgences

What were indulgences?

Indulgences were purchased to pardon sins

They were sold to all classes

What did many religious reforms call for?

Reform in the Catholic Church

Especially against papal infallibility

What was papal infallibility?

The belief that the word of the pope, when speaking about faith is never wrong

What did these religious concerns fracture?

These concerns fractured the unity of Christianity within Central and Western Europe

What did Luther believe in salvation?

Luther argued that any religious practices encouraging the belief that good works led to salvation were false

What did Luther post?

Luther presented his document, 95 Theses on the Wittenberg church

Who was Johann Tetzel?

The most famous indulgence preacher that Luther often fought with was Johann Tetzel

What were the following practices of the Catholic church Luther protested against?

Simony, pluralism, nepotism, and immortality

What was simony?

The buying and selling of Church appointments and offices

What was pluralism?

Holding multiple Church positions at one time

What is nepotism?

The appointment of family and friends to Church positions

What was immortality?

The decline in moral standards of clergy and monks

What was the Catholic Church's reaction to Luther's 95 Theses?

After posting his theses, the Catholic Church accused Luther of heresy

What did the pope tell Luther?

Pope told Luther that if he refused to recant he will be excommunicated

Luther appeared at a diet in the city of worms where he could recant his words for continue protesting

What happened at the Diet of Worms?

At this meeting, the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V declared Luther an outlaw of the law for being a heretic

What happened after Luther was excommunicated?

Despite being excommunicated, Luther was still supported by many German leaders

Why did Luther receive support from German leaders?

Some only hoped that the religious controversy would help them reduce Rome's political power

Who was Fredrick III?

Fredrick III, the prince of the German state, Saxony, protected Luther after he was excommunicated

What are the three things Luther focuses on while being excommunicated?

Luther translate the NT into common German to make it more accessible for people

Luther argued that salvation could be gained by faith alone

Luther believed that all Christians had access to God and priests, bishops, and the pope were not necessary

Why did Luther translate the NT?

He noticed that the pope and other church officials could make errors while the Bible was infallible (incapable of making mistakes or being wrong)

This is known as sola scripture

What was Luther's belief about salvation known as?

Sola fide

What was Luther's belief about Christians access to God known as?

This idea was known as "the priesthood of all believers"

What did Luther believe about the communion's bread and wine?

Luther also believed that the communion's bread and wine were both the body and blood of Christ and bread and wine

This is known as consubstantiation which is different from the Catholic belief, transubstantiation

Did Luther care for social reform?

Although Luther had radical religious ideas, he did not care for social reform and called for harsh treatment of peasants who revolted during the Peasants' War

Who was Huldrych Zwingli?

A Swiss pastor who started the Reformation in Switzerland

What were Zwingli's beliefs?

Believed that the bread and wine were symbolic - different from Luther's ideas

Ideas similar to John Calvin who took over the reform movement after Zwingli's death

Who was John Calvin?

A French theologian

What did Calvin publish?

Published his book, Institutes of the Christian Religion which called for religious and political reform

What did Calvin's doctrines change?

His doctrines not only changed Christianity but the role of government too

What did Calvin establish?

Established Genevan Consistory which enforced Calvinist doctrine and required residents to denounce Catholicism

What were Calvins ideas?

Predestination and his concept of elect

What was predestination?

The idea that omnipotent (all-knowing) God already knew who would be saved and at a person's birth, their eternal fate was set

What was Calvin's concept of elect?

Only a few chosen ("elect") are saved by God's grace alone, without regard to acts or faith

How did the Age of Discovery change the western European economy?

The Age of Discovery transformed the western European economy by shifting the economic power to the Atlantic states (like Spain, France, etc), producing new economic opportunities for middle class

What did Calvin's religious teachings explain?

Calvin's religious teachings explained how the accumulation of wealth through hard work was a sign of God's favor

Where did Calvinist teachings take route?

The North

These Calvinist teachings took root in banking centers like Geneva and Amsterdam because his ideas complemented the rise of capitalism and the growth of the middle class

What did Martin Luther's call to reform inspire?

Martin Luther's challenge to the Catholic church inspired many peasants to challenge their society's social and political hierarchy

What did peasants in Germany do?

Peasants in various German states formed bands that grew as they traveled

Together they sacked abbeys, burned the homes of nobles and fought noble's armies

What were abbeys?

The building or buildings occupied by a community of monks or nuns

What was the 12 Articles?

A confederation of peasant groups created The Twelve Articles which called for more control of their churches, fewer restrictions on hunting and forest use, and reduced workloads, fines, and taxes

Was the German Peasant's War successful?

The German Peasant's War was short and unsuccessful

What were the beliefs of Anabaptists?

Did not allow baptism of infants

Lived a secluded life because they believed sin existed everywhere

Avoided involvement of government affairs

Strictly followed scripture over secular authority

What did Anabaptists call for?

They called for change and looked at the NT/Bible for religious truth

Were Anabaptists disliked?

They were often persecuted by other religious groups

They believed the reform done by Luther and Zwingli was not enough

What law did Puritans and Huguenots object?

Puritans and Huguenots objected the rule of monarchy determining the state's religion

Peace of Augsburg

What was King Henry VIII's religion?

Broke from the Catholic Church

Became head of Church of England otherwise known as Anglicanism

What was King Edward's religion?

Protestant - encouraged more Protestant doctrines

What was Queen Mary Tudor's religion?

Catholic - enforced Catholicism

What was Queen Elizabeth I's religion?

Anglicanism - embraced Protestant beliefs and practices

Attempted to calm down religious turmoil between Catholics and Protestants

What did Puritans believe in?

Believed the Church of England needed to remove Catholic traditions and purify Anglicanism of Catholic beliefs

They were a movement

What were Puritans?

English Calvinists

What happened after Queen Elizabeth's death?

The Stuart monarchy dealt with religious tensions

King James I came and ruled over Scotland and England for a bit

What was the Stuart monarchy?

A succession of English rulers with Scottish descent

What was the Concordat of Bologna?

In France, King Fracis I signed the Concordat of Bologna

Allowed Catholic Church to collect income of French churches while King could tax clergy and appoint Catholic bishops in France

What were Huguenots?

French Calvinists who struggled to gain political power in France

What did Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V focus on?

Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V was focused on fighting conflicts with the Ottoman Empire and France

Prevented him from forcefully dealing with Lutheranism - could not remove it

What was the Peace of Augsburg?

Established by Charles V

Allowed German rulers to determine if their subject's religion was Lutheran or Catholic

Ended Schmalkidic wars (religious wars)

Why did the Peace of Augsburg fail?

Didn't work because it only included Catholicism and Lutheranism