BIOL 2401 Lab Exam 3 Review: Articulations and Muscles

Synarthrosis joint

immovable joint

Amphiarthrosis joint

slightly movable joint

Diarthrosis (synovial joint)

freely movable joint

Fibrous joints

consists of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, holds the bones tightly together

Sutures

Areas where the cranial bones have joined together

Gomphosis

A type of fibrous joint such as a tooth into the alveolus

Syndesmosis

a fibrous joint at which two bones are bound by long collagen fibers

Cartilaginous joints

allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage, either hyaline or fibrocartilage

Symphyses

A joint in which the bones are connected by fibrocartilage

Synchondroses

a joint in which the bones are united by hyaline cartilage

Synovial joints

created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions

Plane joint

short slipping or gliding movements; i.e. carpals

Condyloid joint

synovial joint that does everything except rotating

Saddle joint

type of joint found at the base of each thumb; allows grasping and rotation

Hinge Joint

Joint between bones (as at the elbow or knee) that permits motion in only one plane

Pivot Joint

rotating bone turns around an axis; i.e. connection between radius/ulna and humerus

Ball and socket joint

A joint that allows internal and external rotation, as well as bending.

Articular cartilage

covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints

Joint capsule

The fibrous sac that encloses a joint.

Ligaments

Connect bone to bone

Articular disc

meniscus; a fibrocartilage structure found between the bones of some synovial joints; provides padding or smooths movements between the bones; strongly unites the bones together

Bursae

flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and containing a thin film of synovial fluid

Tendons

Connect muscle to bone

Flexion

Decreases the angle of a joint

Extension

increases the angle of a joint

Abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

Adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body

Circumduction

circular movement of a limb at the far end

Rotation

a pivoting motion in which one bone rotates or twists around the bone's longitudinal axis

Opposition/reposition

moving thumb toward other fingers and then back

Depression/elevation

downward and upward motions of a body part

Protraction/retraction

Anterior / posterior movement along transverse plane

Ex. Mandible (stick chin out / pull chin back)

Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

up and down movement of the foot and the leg

Inversion/eversion

turning foot toward the midline or away from it

Pronation/supination

turning the hand to a palm down or palm up position

Biceps brachii muscle

Biceps femoris muscle

Calcaneal tendon

Deltoid muscle

Extensor digitorum longus muscle

Extensor digitorum muscle

External oblique muscle

Frontalis muscle

Gastrocnemius muscle

Gluteus maximus muscle

Gracilis muscle

Internal intercostal muscle

Latissimus dorsi muscle

Masseter muscle

Occipitalis muscle

Orbicularis oculi muscle

Orbicularis oris muscle

Pectoralis major muscle

Pronator teres muscle

Psoas major muscle

Rectus abdominis muscle

Rectus femoris muscle

Soleus muscle

Sternocleidomastoid muscle

Temporalis muscle

Tensor fasciae latae muscle

Trapezius muscle

Triceps brachii muscle

Vastus medialis muscle

Zygomatious major muscle

biceps brachii muscle

Muscle of the upper arm that bends the upper arm toward the shoulder (flexion) and bends the lower arm toward the upper arm (flexion). One end is divided into two heads.

Brachialis

flexes forearm

Deltoid

abducts arm

Erector spinae

extends vertebral column

Infraspinatus

rotates arm laterally

Latissimus dorsi muscle

Extends and helps adduct the upper arm

Masseter

elevates mandible

Orbicularis oculi muscle

Ring muscle of the eye socket; enables you to close your eyes.

Pectoralis major

Adducts and flexes humerus

Rectus femoris

extends leg and flexes thigh

Risorius muscle

Muscle of the mouth that draws the corner of the mouth out and back, as in grinning.

serratus anterior

pulls scapula anteriorly and downward

Sternocleidomastoid

flexes neck; rotates head

Teres major

extends, adducts, and medially rotates arm

Tibialis anterior

dorsiflexion and inversion of foot

Trapezius

Elevates, depresses, retracts, and rotates the scapula; rotates the arm

Triceps brachii

extends forearm

Sartorius muscle