APWH Unit 7: Interwar Period

Bolsheviks

A party of revolutionary Marxists, led by Vladimir Lenin, who seized power in Russia in 1917.

Bolshevik Revolution

1917 uprising in Russia led by Vladimir Lenin which established a communist government and withdrew Russia from World War I.

Vladimir Lenin

Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR

Union Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)

Russian federal system controlled by the Communist Party established in 1923.

Tsar Nicholas II

Last Tsar of Russia and then end of the Romanov line. Was executed along with the rest of his family under the order of Lenin.

Bloody Sunday

1905, peaceful protest to czar Nicholas II palace, led by Father Gapon, fired on by palace guards, 100s died

Romanov's

Russian dynasty, started with Michael Romanov after the Time of Troubles and lasted until 1917.

Duma

a legislative assembly in the Russian Empire that was created in response to the 1905 Revolution, primarily to address demands for more representation and political reform

New Economic Plan (NEP)

Peasants were allowed to own land and small businesses (allowed for some capitalism)

Communism

a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.

Command Economy

an economy in which production, investment, prices, and incomes are determined centrally by a government.

Soviets

A Russian council composed of representatives from the workers and soldiers.

Joseph Stalin

Wins control after the death of Vladimir Lenin. Watches over major industrialization of the Soviet Union. Leader during WWII.

Five Year Plan

Making economic goals for the next 5 years. (Made by Joseph Stalin). First goal was industrialization.

Purge

a position removal or execution of people who are considered undesirable by those in power from a government, another, their team leaders, or society as a whole.

Totalitarianism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

Authoritarianism

A political system in which a small group of individuals exercises power over the state without being constitutionally responsible to the public.

Collectivization

a system in which private farms are eliminated and peasants work land owned by the government

Gulag Organization

in the Soviet Union, a system of forced labor camps in which millions of criminals and political prisoners were held under Stalin

Mexican Revolution

Happened in the 1920's. Revolution over economics and opportunity. Especially land redistribution. Anti US imperialism revolution.

Porfirio Diaz

Mexican leader. Overthrown/exiled by the revolution.

Francesco Madero

Trying to find compromise, but since he couldn't choose a side he was executed. Won the election, so they overthrew him. Ousted Diaz.

Fransisco "Pancho" Villa

A fierce nationalist who opposed the provisional government formed by Carranza. Villa and his followers killed Americans and raided Columbus, New Mexico. In retailiation, the US sent troops into Mexico and stationed troops along the border.

Emiliano Zapata

Used Mexican troops and put Diaz into exile.

Victoriano Huerta

Terrible leader of Mexico. Backed by the US.

Lazaro Cardenas

President of Mexico, but killed in the 10 tragic days. Last ruler during the Mexican Revolution.

Venustiano Carranza

The first leader to actually do something after Diaz. Used Gorilla warfare. Assassinated in 1919.

Alvaro Obregon

General who violently seized power/overthrew Carranza because Carranza did not support the final version of the Mexican Constitution. Promoted reforms and was assassinated in 1928.

Ten Tragic Days

Bloody overthrow of Francisco Madero in 1913 by Victoriano Huerta and supported by the US

Conventionistas

Extreme, on the communist side. Want complete redistribution of land.

Constitutionalists

Group that wanted a proper constitution for Mexico. (mostly urban) --ultimately claim victory 1917

Qing Dynasty

Last dynasty of China. Ruled by Manchus. End in 1911 with the revolution.

Sun Yat-sen

Leader of the Chinese nationalist party.

Kuomintang

Chinese nationalist party.

Chiang Kai Shek

Leader of the nationalist party of Sun Yat-sen.

May Fourth Amendment

General uprising in China to protest what was coming as a result of WWI. Students 'redesigning' because the outcome was unfair.

Chinese Communist Party (CCP)

Growth of communism in China.

Mao Zedong

Leader of the communist movement in China.

The Long March

Mao Zedong was kicked out and had to walk out through the countryside, but during the march he's able to find many new peasant followers.

People's Republic of China

Communism in China (current since 1949).

Great Leap Forward

Mao Zedong's industrialization plans. One of the 5 year plans. Focused on large scale industrialization and the collectivization of agriculture.

Cultural Revolution

Mao Zedong's cultural program to get rid of their traditional practices. (Getting rid of confucianism ideas).

Red Guards

Responsible for carrying out Mao Zedong's cultural revolution. Mostly students. Turn on their family and friends.

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk

Founding leader of Turkey.

Republic of Turkey

Created after the fall of the Ottoman Empire.

Indian Nationalist Congress

Forms after Sepoy rebellion. Originally created to protect Indians' rights, but eventually tried gaining independence.

Mohandas Gandhi

A philosopher from India, this man was a spiritual and moral leader favoring India's independence from Great Britain. He practiced passive resistance, civil disobedience and boycotts to generate social and political change.

Amritsar Massacre

killing by British troops of nearly 400 Indians gathered at Amritsar to protest the Rowlatt Acts

Salt March

passive resistance campaign of Mohandas Gandhi where many Indians protested the British tax on salt by marching to the sea to make their own salt.

Civil Disobedience

A form of political participation that reflects a conscious decision to break a law believed to be immoral and to suffer the consequences.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Indian Muslim politician who founded the state of Pakistan. A lawyer by training, he joined the All-India Muslim League in 1913. As leader of the League from the 1920s on, he negotiated with the British/INC for Muslim Political Rights

Muslim League

an organization formed in 1906 to protect the interests of India's Muslims, which later proposed that India be divided into separate Muslim and Hindu nations

Negritude Movement

movement in which writers and artists of African descent expressed pride in their African heritage

W.E.B. DuBois

First African American to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged African Americans to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910

Hyperinflation

A very rapid rise in the price level; an extremely high rate of inflation.

Consumerism

a movement advocating greater protection of the interests of consumers

Protectionism

the theory or practice of shielding a country's domestic industries from foreign competition by taxing imports.

Black Thursday

October 24, 1929; stock market crashes and almost 13 million shares are sold that day alone

Great Depression

the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s

Welfare State

A government that undertakes responsibility for the welfare of its citizens through programs in public health and public housing and pensions and unemployment compensation etc.

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

John Maynard Keyes

British Economist agreed that massive government spending could help a collapsing economy and encouraged more private spending and the production of goods and services.

Smoot-Hawley Tariff

One of Herbert Hoover's earliest efforts to protect the nation's farmers following the onset of the Great Depression. Tariff raised rates to an all-time high.

Fascism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition

Adolf Hitler

Austrian born Dictator of Germany, implement Fascism and caused WWII and Holocaust. Founder of German nazi party

Benito Mussolini

(1883-1945) Italian leader. He founded the Italian Fascist Party, and sided with Hitler and Germany in World War II. In 1945 he was overthrown and assassinated by the Italian Resistance.

Il Duce

"the leader," Mussolini's nickname

"Blackshirts"

Members of Italian fascists before WWII. It was led by Mussolini. Helped solidify Mussolini's control

Fransisco Franco

Leader of France, conservative general, lead the Spanish civil war, turns into fascist dictator

Spanish Civil War

a rebellion helmed by right-wing Spanish military officers erupted in Spain after a coalition of Socialists and Communists was elected to run the country.

Guernica

a Spanish town that was brutally bombed and was full of innocent civilians it was supposed to encourage fear, Picasso painted a famous painting capturing Guernica

Basque Region

in the western Pyrenees, and part of the territory belongs to Spain and part to France. Where Guernica is

Hideki Tojo

This general was premier of Japan during World War II while this man was dictator of the country. He gave his approval for the attack on Pearl Harbor and played a major role in Japan's military decisions until he resigned in 1944

Emperor Hirohito

At the start of his reign, Japan was still a fairly rural country with a limited industrial base. Japan's militarization of in the 1930's eventually led to Japan's invasion in China and involvement in WW2. Viewed as a God

Rape of Nanking

infamous genocidal war crime committed by japanese military in Nanjing. started in 1937 and lasted a few weeks. japanese army raped, stole and killed prisoners of war and civilians

National Socialist Party

Also known as the Nazi party; led by Adolf Hitler in Germany; picked up political support during the economic chaos of the Great Depression; advocated authoritarian state under a single leader, aggressive foreign policy to reverse humiliation of the Versailles treaty; took power in Germany in 1933.

Gestapo

Nazi secret police

Propaganda Third Reich

The Nazi regime

Luftwaffe

the German air force before and during World War II

Lebensraum

Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people

Sudetenland

Land that Germany thought was rightfully theirs due to the large German speaking population. In Szechoslovakia

Mein Kampf

'My Struggle' by hitler, later became the basic book of nazi goals and ideology, reflected obsession

Appeasement

Satisfying the demands of dissatisfied powers in an effort to maintain peace and stability.

Neville Chamberlain

1938; gullible British Prime Minister; declared that Britain and France would fight if Hitler attacked Poland.

Edouard Daladier

French leader of the radical socialists; accepted Hitler's terms for peace.

Anschluss

The union of Austria with Germany, resulting from the occupation of Austria by the German army in 1938.

Munich Agreement

Agreement between Chamberlain and Hitler that Germany would not conquer any more land, and if did, would declare war

Nuremberg Laws

1935 laws defining the status of Jews and withdrawing citizenship from persons of non-German blood.

Ghettos

Sections of towns and cities in which Jews were forced to live.

Kristallnacht

(Night of the Broken Glass) November 9, 1938, when mobs throughout Germany destroyed Jewish property and terrorized Jews.