final bio unit 2

final bio unit 2

what did Frederick Griffith do

found DNA is the carrier of genetic info

what did Oswald Avery do

found the DNA was the source of genetic info

what did Alfred Hershey and Martha chase do

genes are made of DNA

what did James watt and Francis crick do

found the double hecial case structure

what did rosalind franklin do

discover structure of DNA with X-ray

what did Erwin chargaff do

found and connected the base pairs of dna

what are the 3 parts that compose a DNA nucleotide

deoxyribose, phosphate group, and one base

describe the structure of a DNA molecule

a twisted ladder, called a double helix, made of two strands winding around each other, like a spiral staircase

how does DNA replication work

helicase (unwinds), primase (adds primers), DNA polymerase (builds new DNA), and ligase (joins fragments)

what 3 parts compose an RNA nucleotide

ribose, nitrog. base, phosphate group

describe the structure of an RNA molecule

a single strand made of building blocks called nucleotides, each containing a ribose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four bases

what are the 3 types of RNA

messanger RNA, Ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA

how does transcription work

copying a gene's DNA code into a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule

how does translation work

involves three main biological stages (initiation, elongation, termination) where ribosomes read messenger RNA (mRNA) and use transfer RNA (tRNA) to build a chain of amino acids (a protein) based on the mRNA's genetic code

what is a codon

3 nucleotides, that forms a unit of genetic code, specifying a particular amino acid or signaling the start or end of protein synthesis during translation

what is a anticodon

a three-nucleotide sequence on a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule that pairs with a complementary three-nucleotide sequence (codon) on messenger RNA (mRNA) during protein synthesis, ensuring the correct amino acid is added to the growing protein chain

how does a random mutation in a species alter DNA over time

causing errors (substitutions, insertions, deletions) during replication, leading to a new genetic sequence (allele) that can change a gene's protein or function, potentially affecting traits

what scientists used Xray to discover DNA is twisted

Franklin

what nucleotide is found in DNA

deoxyribose+phosphate group+A/T/C/G

the process of making RNA from DNA is called

Transcription

codons are composed of what

mRNA