Midterms final v

What is an organic compound

A compound made of carbon

What is an example of a organic compound?

hydrocarbon and glucose

structure formula vs. molecular formula

Shows the types of bonds, and the type of elements used. Shows only the elements used and how much of it

Valance shell vs. valance electrons

The area where you are likely to find valance electrons. Outermost electrons

what are the difference between structural, cis-trans, and enantiomer isomers?

structural isomers differ in arrangement, cis-trans depend on the location of the attached molecules, enantiomer isomers are mirrored isomers

Draw a hydroxyl

ok

Draw a carbonyl

ok

draw a carboxyl

ok

draw an amino

ok

draw a sulfhydryl

ok

draw a phosphate group

ok

draw a methyl group

ok

what are the 4 main classes of biological macromolecules?

Protein, lipids, nucleic acid, and carbohydrates

lipid structure

Not true polymers and smaller than a macromolecule

what is a purpose of a protein

structure

lipid purpose

energy storage

nucleic acid purpose

store information

purpose of carbs

energy production

What are polymers made of

made of monomers

what are monomers made of?

atoms and molecules

What happens in hydrolesis?

a covalent bond between 2 monomers are broken because water is added

What happens in dehydration?

Covalent bond between 2 monomers with the loss of a water

What are monosach, disach, and poly sach?

sugars

what does monosaccharides do?

quick energy

what does disaccharides do?

Transport

What do poly saccharides do?

storage

What is a special characteristic of lipids?

They are hydrophobic and are not true polymers

What are lipids made of?

made of mostly hydrocarbon molecules

what are the three major types of lipids

Fats, phospholipids, and steroids

Structure of a fat

glycerol and 3 fatty acids

structure of a phospholipid

glycerol, 3 fatty acids, and phosphorous group

Structure of a steroid

What is a unique characteristic of fats?

no double bonds

unique charect. of a unsaturated fat

one or more double bonds

Cis fats vs. trans fats

kinked (bent and liquid at room temp), straight (solid at room temp)

What holds amino acids together?

peptide bonds

Draw a dipeptide

ok

What are the 4 major groups of amino acids?

non polar, polar (uncharged), positively charged (basic), and negatively charged (acidic)

what is a property of non polar groups and an example

hydrophobic, glycine

what is a property of polar (uncharged) and an example

hydrophilic, and serine

what is a property of positively charged (basic) and an example

has a side chain that can attract protons, amino acids

what is a property of a negatively charged (acidic) amino acid and an example

has carboxyl groups, and aspartic acid

Describe a primary level

A linear sequence of amino acids

describe a secondary level

Coiled polypeptides stabilized by hydrogen bonding

describe a tertiary level

3d, held by hyd and ionic bonds

describe a quaternary level

assembly of mult poly peptides

Dna vs. rna

double helixed with deoxyribose, single helixed with ribose

Purpose of dna vs. rna

dna is blueprint of genetics and rna is a messenger

What are polymers?

Made of many monomers (SIMILAR COMPOUNDS)

what connects nucleotides?

Phosphodiester (phosphate group connects to a 3’ carbon)

What does antiparallel in DNA mean?

one helix goes one way, the other goes the opposite way

What are the 5 basic functional groups?

Hydroxyl, Carbonyl (Ketones, Aldehydes), Carboxyl, Amino, Phosphate,

What functional group is this?

hydroxyl (alcohol)

What functional group is this?

Carbonyll

What functional group is this?

Carboxyl

What functional group is this?

Amino

What functional group is this?

Phosphate

What do you call a molecule carrying a hydroxyl group?

Alcohol

ethanol, hydroxyl

What compound is this and what functional group(s) can you see?

acetone, carbonyl: ketone

What compound is this and what functional group(s) can you see?

propanol, carbonyl: aldehyde

What compound is this and what functional group(s) can you see?

acetic acid, carboxyl

What compound is this and what functional group(s) can you see?

glycine, amino, carboxyl

What compound is this and what functional group(s) can you see?

glycerol phosphate, phosphate, hydroxyl

What compound is this and what functional group(s) can you see?

What are the functional properties of hydroxyl groups?

Polar and can form hydrogen bonds

What is the major functional property of carboxyl groups?

Acts as an acid

What are the functional propertie(s) of amino groups?

Act as a base

what are the functional properties of sulfhydryl groups?

Stabilize protien structure

What are the functional propertie(s) of phosphate groups?

Gives a negative charge

What are the functional propertie(s) of methyl groups?

Affects gene expression and hormones

What makes carboxyl groups aicds?

The polar covalent bonds

Based on your knowledge of polarity of water molecules, the solute molecule (X) is most likely

Nonpolar

Which of the following is not a polymer? Why? a. RNA b. starch c. DNA d. glucose

d.glucose. polymers contain monomers of identical structure. glucose = c6h12o6

What is starch?

Polysaccharide found in plants 

What is cellulose? 

Structural polysaccharide found in plants

What would be the molecular formula for a glucose molecule made by linking three glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions?

C18H32O16

What are unique characteristics of lipids?

Lipids mix poorly with water

What is the primary function of an RNA molecule?

Function in the synthesis of proteins

Draw the structural formula of two fatty acids: one saturated and the other cis-fatty acid

cis-fatty acid has a kink

Characteristic of a fatty acid

carboxyl alpha carbon and a bunch of C with H

what are macromolecules

Protiens, lipids, and nucliec acid’s connected together

what are monomers?

The building blocks of polymers.

What are enzymes and what do they do?

They speed up the process for chemical reactions and synthesis

What is a condensation reaction?

A formation of covalent bonding formed through a loss of a small molecule.

What is a dehydration reaction?

The formation of covalent bonding through the loss of a water

Define hydrolysis

The breaking of covalent bonds through the addition of water

What breaks the bond between monomers?

H2O

Why are a basically infinite number of polymers possible?

Arrangement

What are carbohydrates purpose?

primary energy. Structure

What is a disaccharide?

2 monosaccharides joined by covalent bonding

Monosaccharide formula

CH2O

Draw a hydroxyl group

—OH

The location of a carbonyl determines if a sugar is a

Aldose or ketose

What is a major nutrient of all cells?

glucose

Why is glucose 6 sided gon?

most stable

What is cellular respiration?

Cells break down gluecos’s energy

Monosaccharides are not only used for energy but for what?

Synthesis of other organic molecules

how is a disaccharide constructed?

2 monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkage

What is a glycosidic linkage?

a bond between 2 monosaccharides

What is a polysaccharide made of?

a molecule made of hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides