Biology Exam 1

Define the scientific method

A multi-step process that helps make sense of new researchable topics

What are the 6 steps in the scientific method?

1.Observe

2.Question

3.Hypothesis

4.Experiment

5.Analyze

6.Conclude/report data

Define Observe

Take notice of something. Describe, take measurement, or record any object of phenomenon.

Define Question

Expand on the current knowledge base

Define Hypothesis

A statement that is informed, logical, plausible, explanation for observations

Define experiment

Repeatable manipulation of one or more aspects of the natural world.

What are parts of an experiment?

Independent and dependent variables along with control and treatment groups.

Define independent variable

The if in the hypothesis. The one manipulated

Define dependent variable

The then in the hypothesis. Outcome that responds to the manipulation.

Define control group

Standard conditions; no change to their independent variable (placebo group)

Define treatment group

Experimental group; independent variable is manipulated. All other conditions are the same as the control group.

Define Analyze

Gather all data and outcomes and review your findings. (Use of graphs in this stage)

Define Conclude/Report data

Based off of your data understand if your hypothesis was right or wrong.

What are the 4 most important traits of water?

1.Good solvent

2.Facilitates chemical reactions

3.Cohesive

4.Moderates temperature

Define what makes water a good solvent

solutes can dissolve in it

Why can salt dissolve in water?

Water is polar and polar molecules are hydrophilic.

Define solute

Substance that dissolves in solvent

Define solvent

Substances that dissolve solute

If polar molecules are hydrophilic, nonpolar molecules are?

hydrophobic and do not dissolve in water.

Why is facilitating chemical reactions an important trait of water?

It changes the composition of substances to make new compounds. This makes water great at it since it allows contact between solutes.

Define Cohesive

Tendency of molecules to stick together

How does water moderate temperature?

It absorbs heat energy produced by the sun. Making the water warmer but the air temperature cooler.

Define Homeostasis

Concentrations or substances are equal for both sides.

What are the 4 macromolecules?

1.Proteins

2.Carbohydrates

3.Lipids

4.Nucleic acids

What do Proteins do?

(Enzymes catalyze reactions) Helps with signaling or speeding up reactions. Made of amino acids. Muscles heavily rely on this macromolecule.

What do Carbohydrates do?

Makes up our energy for cells (major source of energy). For short term storage. Glucose is a source from this. This is where majority of our food is used.

What do Lipids do?

Helps make up our plasma membrane. “Used for long term storage”. Hydrophobic molecules. Insulates. Some hormones are made of this. Makes up phospholipids.

What do Nucleic acids do?

Makes up our DNA and RNA

What are Nucleic Acids 4 nitrogen bases?

Purines= Adenine and Guanine

Pyrimidines=Thymine and cytosine

What bonds with Thymine?

Adenine

What bonds with cytosine?

Guanine

Define Lysosome

Contains digestive enzymes to recycle molecules

Define Peroxisome

Contain enzymes to oxidize molecules and help with metabolism

Define organelles

Preform specific jobs required by the cell and works with others

What do Ribosomes do?

Creates proteins. Can be free floating or attached to the Endoplasmic Reticulum.

What makes it Rough ER?

Means ribosomes are attached to the ER

What makes Smooth ER?

The ER has lipids

Where is the cytoplasm located?

Inside the cell

What is inside the cytoplasm?

Organelles and cytosol

What is cytosol made up of?

A watery matrix. It has salts and enzymes as well as houses organelles.

What is the plasma membrane made of?

phospholipids (lipids)

What does the plasma membrane do?

Determines materials to be allowed in or out. Additionally, it encloses cells, defines outer boundary, and isolates cell contents from environment.

Define mitochondria

Produces energy for the cell through cellular respiration.

What is held in the nucleus?

DNA

Where is the necleolus located?

Inside the nucleus

What does the nucleolus create?

Ribosomes

What does the Golgi Apparatus do?

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins

What structure is used in cellular transport?

The plasma membrane

What are the 3 major types of transportation?

Active transport, passive transport, and bulk transport

Define active transport

Uses proteins to move molecules from low to high concentrations. It is powered by energy from ATP.

Define passive transport

movement of molecules without energy

What are the 3 types of passive transport?

Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, and osmosis.

Define Diffusion

Small hydrophobic molecules, carbon dioxide and oxygen.

Define Facilitated Diffusion

Hydrophilic or charged molecules through protein channels

Define Osmosis

Water movement across a membrane. Salt makes this passive transport type occur to maintain balance with water and salt.

Define Bulk transport

Uses endocytosis and exocytosis. Due to the molecule being too large to pass through the plasma membrane like normal.

Define Endocytosis

A vesicle pinches the plasma membrane inward and brings a large molecule into the cell.

Define Exocytosis

A membrane bound vesicle fuses with the membrane and expels the large molecule outside the cell.

What is a vesicle derived from?

The plasma membrane (and is made up of lipids)

What does the vesicle do with the left over when going through exocytosis?

Recycles the membrane

What type of molecule does Active and Passive transport transfer?

Overall, they both transport small molecules only.

If a cell is placed in a cup of water with 0 salt, what will the cell do?

Osmosis will occur and the cell will try to take in more water to obtain homeostasis.

What will happen if a cell takes in too much water through osmosis?

The cell will burst.

If a cell is placed in salt water, what will the cell do?

Osmosis will occur and the cell will try and push out as much water to obtain homeostasis.

What will happen if a cell loses too much water through osmosis?

The cell will shrivel.

Where is the water derived from when the cell is pushing our water during osmosis?

It takes water from the cytosol.

Enzymes can speed up catalyzing reactions by…?

Lowering activation energy

What are the three parts of cellular respiration cycle?

1.Glycolosis

2.Citric Acid Cycle

3.The Electron Transport Chain

Which stage occurs first in the cellular respiration cycle?

Glycolysis

Which stage occurs second in the cellular respiration cycle?

The Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs cycle/ TCA cycle)

Which stage occurs third in the cellular respiration cycle?

The Electron Transport Chain

What do we take in to power the cellular respiration cycle?

Glucose (from food) and oxygen (from breathing)

What do we get out of the three stages in the cellular respiration cycle?

Carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), and ATP

How much ATP do we gain from the cellular respiration cycle?

26-30 ATP

How much ATP do we get from the Glycolysis stage and citric acid cycle?

4 all together 2 from each structure

How much ATP do we gain from the Electron Transport Chain stage?

26 (or so)

Where does glycolysis occur?

Outside the mitochondria

Where does the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain occur?

Inside the mitochondria

What products does the Citric Acid cycle use?

By-products of glycolysis and oxygen

What pattern does the electron transport chain occur in when passing the electrons?

A gradient, getting weaker as it goes farther.

What turns ADP to ATP?

By adding a phosphate back into its structure while going through the electron transport chain.

What is the main structure being worked in metabolism/respiratory cycles?

The mitochondria