Chapter 11 Mechanisms of Microbial Genetics Openstaxx

Gene expression includes which of the following?

transcription and translation*

The central dogma describes which of the following?

the steps of gene expression*

During bacterial DNA replication, which of the following holds open the replication bubble?

single-strand binding proteins*

Telomeres found in which of the following?

fungal, protist, plant, and animal chromosomes*

Which of the following best describes the direction in which lagging strands are added?

as 5′ to 3′ Okazaki fragments in an overall 3′ to 5′ direction only*

Which of the following correctly describes uracil and where is it found?

It is a nitrogenous base found in RNA only.*

Which of the following is another name for the template strand (the strand of DNA that is transcribed)?

antisense strand*

Which of the following correctly describes events that occur during transcription?

RNA polymerase binds to the promoter.*

Which of the following correctly explains why DNA replication is described as semiconservative?

Each daughter strand contains one old strand and one new strand.*

During DNA replication in bacteria, which of the following enzymes adds DNA nucleotides?

DNA polymerase III*

Topoisomerase II in bacteria is also called which of the following?

gyrase*

DNA polymerase III adds DNA nucleotides in which of the following direction(s)?

in the 5′ to 3′ direction only*

Which of the following removes the primers during DNA replication in bacteria?

DNA polymerase I*

The noncoding, repetitive sequences at the end of eukaryotic chromosomes are called which of the following?

telomeres*

During DNA replication, the lagging strand is formed from which of the following?

Okazaki fragments*

Which of the following is the maximal rate of growth of a new bacterial DNA strand?

1000 nucleotides per second*

Which statement best describes DNA polymerase I?

It has exonuclease activity.*

Which describes one difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication?

Eukaryotes have more origins of replication than prokaryotes.*

Telomerase in humans is generally active in which cells?

in stem cells and germ cells*

Which of the following uses rolling circle replication?

some bacteria, some plasmids, and some viruses*

Which sequences of eukaryotic genes code for proteins?

exons*

Which of the following is one important distinction between prokaryotic and eukaryotic mRNA?

Eukaryotic mRNA is generally monocistronic.*

Stop codons are also known as which of the following?

nonsense codons*

Which researchers provided evidence that DNA replication was semiconservative?

Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl*

Following DNA replication, bacterial chromosomes become which of the following?

concatenated*

Human telomeres contain 100 to 1000 copies of which nucleotide sequence?

TTAGGG*

Which enzyme(s) elongate the lagging strand during replication in eukaryotes?

DNA polymerase δ*

mRNA

carries encoded information from DNA

rRNA

contributes to ribosome structure

tRNA

brings in amino acids during translation

helicase

breaks hydrogen bonds

ligase

joins Okazaki fragments

primase

synthesizes small pieces of RNA to start the synthesizes of new DNA strands

single-stranded binding proteins

helps hold open the double helix by preventing hydrogen bonding between the separated strands of the replication bubble

sliding clamp

helps hold DNA polymerase III in the proper position

DNA polymerase I

an exonuclease that removes RNA primers

DNA polymerase III

adds nucleotides in a 5' to 3' direction to produce the new complementary strand of DNA during replication

Topoisomerase II

relaxes supercoils and relieves stress on DNA

Topoisomerase IV

cuts DNA to release concatenates chromosomes and reseals the DNA

Conjugation

DNA transferred through a pilus

Transduction

DNA transferred by a bacteriophage

Transformation

DNA is picked up from the environment

Transposition

DNA excises from one location and inserts in another

operator

site where a repressor can bind

promoter

site where RNA polymerase binds

structural genes

code for proteins with related functions

2-aminopurine

conversion of AT pairs to GC pairs

ethidium bromide

distortion of the double helix, leading to small insertions and deletions

Nitrous Oxide

conversion of GC pairs to AT pairs

X-rays and gamma rays

strand breaks or conversion of GC to AT pairs

_________ expression occurs when genes are continuously expressed.

Constitutive

The structure formed by an mRNA with multiple attached ribosomes is called a

polyribosome

___________ mRNA codes for multiple poly peptides

Polycistronic