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Needs-Based Theories
Motivation based on satisfying employee needs.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Needs arranged in a specific hierarchical order.
Physiological Needs
Basic survival needs like food and water.
Safety Needs
Desire for security and stability.
Social Needs
Need for relationships and belongingness.
Esteem Needs
Desire for recognition and respect.
Self-Actualization Needs
Achieving personal potential and growth.
Alderfer's ERG Theory
Motivation through existence, relatedness, and growth needs.
Existence Needs
Basic survival and safety requirements.
Relatedness Needs
Needs for social relationships and connections.
Growth Needs
Desire for personal development and achievement.
Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory
Motivation from hygiene factors and motivators.
Hygiene Factors
Elements preventing dissatisfaction in the workplace.
Motivators
Factors that enhance job satisfaction and engagement.
McClelland's Acquired Needs Theory
Motivation from needs acquired through life experiences.
Achievement Need
Strong desire to succeed and accomplish goals.
Affiliation Need
Need for companionship and social connections.
Power Need
Desire to influence and control others.
Four-Drive Theory
Motivation from fulfilling four essential drives.
Equity Theory
Motivation based on fairness in social exchanges.
Expectancy Theory
Motivation determined by expected outcomes of effort.
Reinforcement Theory
Behavior shaped by its consequences.
Job Specialization
Standardizing jobs to reduce skill requirements.
Job Rotation
Moving employees between different jobs.
Job Enlargement
Expanding tasks to increase variety.
Job Enrichment
Giving more control over work performance.
Hackman's Job Characteristics Model
Engagement driven by meaningfulness, responsibility, and understanding.
Motivation Potential Score (MPS)
Formula assessing job design's motivational impact.
Empowerment
Employees' ability to make decisions effectively.
Goal Setting Theory
Behavior influenced by conscious goals and intentions.
SMART Goals
Specific, Measurable, Aggressive, Realistic, Time-bound goals.
Management by Objectives (MBO)
Aligning individual and organizational goals systematically.
Performance Appraisals
Evaluating and managing individual performance in organizations.
360-Degree Feedback
Self-assessment compared with peers and managers.
