Praxis: Speech, Language, and Speech Sounds

communication

the process of sharing information among individuals

code

translating one type of information into another

conventional

term for describing something that follows set rules

arbitrary

another term for “random” when describing language meaning

deviation

straying away from the norm

noticable

Language deviations are __________.

changing

Language is always _______.

respiration, phonation, resonance, articulation

What are the 4 subsystems of speech?

perceptual target, motor schema, speech output, feedback

What is the model of speech production?

meaning

Language gives speech ________.

audition

the perception of sound

sound source, vibration, air, reception, comprehension

Transmission and reception of speech involve 4 acoustic events:

  Creation of a _____ ______

  ______ of ____ particles

 _________ by the ear

___________ by the brain

comprehension

differentiates speech and non-speech

difference

variability of language

disorder

difficulties in the development of language

universality

All human cultures have language, and every typically developing child is capable of acquiring it, regardless of their environment. This is known as _________.

species specificity

Language is unique to humans; no other species has a communication system as complex and rule-governed as human language. This is known as __________.

displacement

Language allows us to convey meaning about things that are not present in the immediate context, including past and future events or abstract concepts. This is known as ___________.

productivity

Language is infinitely creative; speakers can generate and understand an endless number of novel sentences using a finite set of rules. This is known as ___________.

neuroplasticity

the capacity for the brain to alter its structure and function after it has been damaged

perceptual target

the mental representation of a speech sound that a speaker aims to produce (we need these to make codes)

motor schema

How we will organize phonemes into chunks? send this information to the brain

left hemisphere

controls right side of the body and is logical, contains mathematics, language, & speech

symbolic communication

what is being communicated is clear and verbal

intentional communication

nonverbal but understood communication
ex.) baby points to a baby bottle

preintentional communication

nonverbal, a listener assumes what is being communicated

speech perception

how the brain processes speech and language

auditory perception

how the brain processes any auditory information

coarticulation

the overlapping of phonemes in the production of strings of speech sounds

formulation, transmission, reception, comprehension

What are the 4 basic processes of communication?

communication

involves conveying meaning, which can be done through speech, gestures, facial expressions, writing, or other symbolic means.

referential communication

type of symbolic communication where a message is directed toward a specific referent (e.g., pointing to an object)

preintentional communication

early communication where the sender does not have a specific intention (e.g., a baby crying without intending to communicate hunger).

iconic communication

uses signals that have a direct resemblance to their meaning (e.g., pantomime or gestures like flapping arms to indicate a bird).

feedback

the receiver lets sender know that he understands, agrees,
disagrees, and sender responds accordingly

linguistic feedback

verbal responses that signal understanding or misunderstanding (ex. asking for clarification)

extralinguistic feedback

nonverbal cues such as facial expressions, gestures, posture, or eye contact that support or modify the spoken message

paralinguistic feedback

modifications in speech such as pitch, loudness, intonation, and rate, which add meaning beyond the words used (e.g., sarcasm, emphasis)

feedback

purpose is to prevent communicative breakdowns

formulation

involves language, sender puts thoughts and ideas into words

transmission

sender expresses thoughts and ideas to receiver through speech

reception

the listener receives the message through hearing

comprehension

receiver interprets the meaning of the sender’s message, involves language

instrumental, regulatory, interactional, personal, heuristic, imaginative, informative

What are the 7 purposes of communication?

linguistics

the study of language, it’s structure, and the rules governing it’s structure

morphology

the study of word structure

morpheme

the smallest unit of language

allomorphs

the variation of a morpheme that does not change the original meaning of the word (es, s, z for plurality)

syntax

the study of sentence structure

passive sentence

subject receives the verb

active sentence

subject performs the action of the verb

interrogatives

question statements

declaratives

statements that convey information or express an opinion

imperatives

statements that make a command

exclamatory

statements that express strong emotion or emphasissuch as surprise or joy.

compound sentences

contain two or more independent clauses joined by a comma, conjunction, or semicolon

independent clause

has a subject and a predicate, expressing a complete thought and can stand alone

clause

contains a subject and a predicate (general)

complex sentence

contains an independent clause and one or more dependent or subordinate clauses

dependent clause

contains a subject and a predicate but does not express a complete thought, relying on an independent clause for meaning

semantics

the study of the meaning of language

figurative language

the use of words or expressions with a meaning that is different from the literal interpretation, often to convey ideas in a more vivid or imaginative way such as similes, metaphors, idioms, and proverbs

deictic words

referents that change depending who is speaking (this, that, here, come, go)

recurrence

concept of more

rejection

words like “no” and “don’t”

causality

concept of cause and effect

overextension

errors in language development that occur when children use words too broadly or too narrowly (For example, calling all four-legged animals "dog" or all women "Mama")

underextension

using a word only for specific object (only Oreos are cookies)

fast mapping

children can learn a new word based on few exposures

semantics

Which domain of language does categorizing fall under?

pragmatics

the study of rules that governs the use of language in social situations

labeling

naming something

protecting

using rejection words to object to something

commenting

describing or identifying an object

cohesion

the ability to order and organize utterances in a message so they logically build on one another

indirect requests

a way of communicating a want or need without being direct. It's often done using hints, suggestions, or non-verbal cues.used to convey politeness

discourse

refers to how utterances are related to another

culture

Pragmatic skills are heavily influenced by _______.

narratives

a form of discourse in which a speaker tells a story in a logical sequence of events

child-directed speech

CDS

child-directed speech

utterances produced with higher pitch and more fluctuations at a slower rate

true

Motivated babies are more likely to attempt varied and frequent interactions.

caregiver responsiveness

responding to a child in a caring, sensitive, supportive, and timely manner

quality

Language development is highly dependent on the __________ of caregiver interactions.

line of regard

looking at what an infant is looking at

perlocutionary behavior

refers to the effect a speaker’s words have on a listener, including unintended consequences

perlocutionary behavior

infants’ vocalizations or gestures (e.g., crying, cooing) elicit responses from caregivers, even though the infant does not yet intend to communicate.

locutionary stage

beginning to use words

200, 50

Around 18 months of age, children understand ___ words and produce around ____.

phonological awareness

refers to a child’s ability to detect and manipulate sounds and syllables in words

print knowledge

refers to children’s emergent knowledge about functions and forms of written language

morphological awareness

the recognition, understanding, and use of word parts that carry significance

morphological awareness

understanding that affixes can be taken away from or added to words to change their meaning

affixes

a grammatical element that can be attached to a word

specific language impairments

SLI

specific language impairment

a language disorder in a child who is otherwise typically developing

true

SLIs are not secondary to developmental disabilities or neurological impairments.

true

Language development in children with SLI is the same of typically developing children.

reflex

Crying at birth is a ______.