2SF: Pedia 4

Viral

After 2-3 days magaling na

Pneumonia

Inflammation of alveoli

fluid in lungs

Bacterial, viral, fungal infection

Difficult to breathe, cause fever, cough with yellow/green/bloody mucus

Pleural effusion

Water in lungs

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in pleural space

Empyema

Infected pus in the lungs

Necrosis

Pus filled pocket surrounded by inflamed tissue

Bronchitis

Inflammation of the bronchi

Airways leading to lungs get inflamed and fill with mucus

Nagging cough (body tries to get rid of mucus)

Last for 2 weeks or more

Nagging cough

Type of cough in bronchitis

Asthma

Airway swell, narrow, and fill with mucus

DOB, chest tightness, cough, wheezing

Respiratory distress syndrome

Occurs in premature babies whose lungs are not fully developed

Chest retraction

Skin over breastbone and ribs pulls in during breathing

• Fast breathing after birth

• Grunting sound each breath

• Changes in color of lips, fingers and toes

• Nasal flaring

• Chest retractions

Babies who have RDS may show these signs

Croup

Swelling around the voicebox and windpipe

Usually viral lasting 3-7days, 6mos-3yo

Harsh barking cough, hoarseness, stridor

Dexamethasone, prednisone

Nebulized epinephrine

Intubation

Treatment for croup

Barking cough

Type of cough in croup

Stridor

High pitched breathing sound

Severe upper respiratory infection

Infect respiratory tract above vocal cords

Viruses and bacteria

Sinus infection

Strep throat

Common colds

Upper respiratory illnesses

Smaller airways

Immature lungs

Higher oxygen demand than adults

Less respiratory reserve

Why children are high risk?

Concept of oxygenation

Ability to adequately take in sufficient amounts of oxygen to provide for the body’s cellular demands

Oxygen

Moves from lungs to the body

From the environment

Carbon dioxide

Moves from blood to lungs

From the body

Alveoli

Gas exchange occurs here

Hypoxemia

Low oxygen level in the blood

Restlessness, tachycardia, tachypnea, low SPO2

Hypoxia

Low oxygen to body tissue

Cyanosis

Bluish discoloration of skin and mucus membrane

Indicates severe oxygen deficiency

8

Lungs develop total number of alveoli at the age of?

Cough

In/voluntary act that clears the throat and breathing passage

Rapid expulsion of air from lungs

Paroxysmal coughing

Series of expiratory coughs after deep inspiration

Rate and depth of respiration

First indicator of respiratory distress in young children

Adventitious sounds

Lung sounds that are abnormal

Rales, crackles, wheezes

Acute nasopharyngitis

Nasopharyngeal mucosa is inflamed

Common cold

Most frequent infectious disease in children

Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS)

Primary organism of concern in cases of pharyngitis

Can cause rheumatic fever and glumerulonephritis

Epstein-Barr virus

Most common virus in pharyngitis

Infectious mononucleosis

Spreads through saliva

Viral rhinitis/common cold

Runny stuffy nose

Pediatrics patient are prone to this due to their immune system

Pharyngitis

Sore throat

Inflammation of the pharynx

Sinusitis

Nasal congestion, facial pain

Inflammation of paranasal sinus

Often follows a viral respiratory infection

Otitis media

Middle ear infection

Inflammation and fluid accumulation behind eardrum

Internal ear infection with discharge

Moraxella Catarrhalis

Gram -

Causes middle ear infection

Lower respiratory

Most fatal

Caused by bacteria—needs admission for antibiotics

Weak immune system

Exposure to environment

Why nasopharyngitis is common to children?

Immature immune system

Frequent exposure

Poor hand hygiene

Close contact with infected individuals

Why children are more susceptible to nasopharyngitis

Coax

Other term for tuberculosis

Adenovirus

Frequent cause “pharyngoconjuctival fever”

Causes severe respiratory or gastrointestinal illness (worse)

Rhinovirus

lasts 7-10 days

Influenza

Flu

Lasts for 5-7 days

High fever, headache, muscle aches, dry cough

Influenza A

Most severe and associated with pandemics

Only one known to cause global pandemic

Influenza B

Seasonal epidemics

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Walking pneumonia

Symptoms often develops over 1-3 weeks

Penicillin, amoxicillin

Drug of choice in bacterial mycoplasma pneumoniae

Maxillary

Cheek pain, dental discomfort

Most common

Largest paranasal sinuses

Develops from 3rd gestational month, grows rapidly during 8 y/o

Ethmoid

Pain between eyes, periorbital swelling

Frontal

Forehead pain, tenderness above eyes

Sphenoid

Deep headache, often radiating to vertex or occiput

Less common but potentially serious due to proximity to vital structures

Acute sinusitis

<4 weeks

Follows a viral upper respiratory infection

Subacute sinusitis

4-12 weeks

Represents incomplete resolution (10 weeks) of acute infection

Chronic sinusitis

Lasts >12 weeks

Recurrent sinusitis

>4 episodes per year

7-10days

Postnatal drip

Drink lots of fluid and avoid screen time for 12 hrs

Amoxicillin, amoxicillin clavulanate

Treatment for bacterial sinusitis

Use of intercostal muscles

Expand ribcage (inhale), compress (exhale)

Rapid Antigen Detection Tests (RADT)

Suspected GABHS

Type 1 hypoxemic respiratory failure

Low arterial oxygen with normal or low co2

Type 2 hypercapnic respiratory failure

Low oxygen with high co2

Type 3 perioperative respiratory failure

Hypoxemia occuring after surgery or anesthesia

Type 4 respiratory failure due to shock

Occurs when oxygen demand exceeds supply

Tonsilitis

Inflammation of tonsils

Bronchiolitis

Inflammation, edema, mucus in the bronchioles

Epiglottitis

Inflammation and swelling of epiglottis

Life threatening medical emergency

Pertussis

Whooping cough

Bacterium bordetella pertussis

Tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Affects the lungs

Pulmonary TB

Most common type of TB

affects lungs

Extrapulmonary TB

Tb meningitis (most severe)

Tb lymphadenitis (neck lymph nodes)

Miliary TB

Affects multiple organs

Cystic fibrosis

Thick sticky mucus to build up in lungs, digestive track

Salty sweat