Individual Poisons Practice Flashcards

A set of vocabulary flashcards covering individual poisons, their sources, symptoms, and treatments based on lecture notes.

Ethylene glycol

A clear liquid antifreeze with a sweet taste that causes kidney failure due to toxic metabolites.

Glycolic acid

A toxic metabolite produced during the metabolism of Ethylene glycol.

Fomepizole

A treatment medication used for both Ethylene glycol and Methanol poisoning.

Methanol

Also known as wood alcohol, used as a solvent in ink toners, and known to cause visual disturbances or blindness.

Isopropyl alcohol

A disinfectant that can lead to ketosis as a signs and symptoms of toxicity.

Acetone

Also known as $2-propanone$, used as nail polish remover, and characterized by ketoacidosis in toxicity.

Formaldehyde

An embalming agent that irritates mucous membranes and has effects similar to Methanol.

Hydrocarbons

Substances obtained from petroleum (gasoline, kerosene) used as fuel that can cause pneumonitis and aspiration.

Mineral oil

The treatment used for Hydrocarbon and Phenol poisoning.

Cyanide

A poison found in the seeds of Prunus sp (Cherry, Apricot, Peach) that causes cherry-red blood and a bitter almond breath odor.

Amyl nitrite

One of the treatments for Cyanide poisoning, along with Sodium thiosulfate and Sodium nitrite.

Phenol

Known as the father of all antiseptics and the oldest preservative; it acts as an irritant.

Lead (Pb)

A heavy metal also known as Plumbus, found in paints and pipes, which causes black line gums, milky vomitus, and wrist drop.

Plumbism

A term for Lead poisoning, which may present as a Fanconi-like syndrome.

Cadmium (Cd)

An ingredient in stink bombs that causes Itai-itai disease and osteomalacia.

Itai-itai disease

A condition caused by Cadmium poisoning characterized by gait abnormalities and kidney and lung failure.

Mercury (Hg)

A heavy metal known as Hydragyrum or Quicksilver, existing in organic, inorganic, and elemental forms.

Minamata disease

A disease caused by Mercury poisoning characterized by the triad of gingivitis and tremors.

Na formaldehyde sulfoxylate

A substance used in the treatment of Mercury poisoning.

Arsenic

The Lewisite metal and active ingredient in the magic bullet ($Arsphenamine$ or $Compound 606$) used for syphilis.

Arsine

A gas formed when Arsenic undergoes acid digestion.

Mees lines

A clinical sign (lines on the nails) associated with Arsenic poisoning.

Iron

A trace element used in hemoglobin synthesis with a TLV of $750\,mg/KBW$, absorbed in the jejunum and duodenum.

Deferroxamine

The primary chelation treatment for Iron intoxication.

Magnesium

The only element present in chlorophyll; toxicity ranges from reflex depression to respiratory paralysis and heart block.

Lithium

The Drug of Choice (DOC) for bipolar disorder; toxicity causes polyuria, tremors, and seizures.

Zinc

A trace element used for parakeratosis treatment that can cause Metal Fume Fever in toxicity.

Aluminum

The most abundant element in the earth's crust ($3rd$ most abundant overall) used for burn therapy; toxicity causes Shaver’s disease.

Warfarin

A rodenticide that inhibits Vitamin K clotting factors $2, 7, 9, and 10$.

Heparin

An anticoagulant diagnosed via Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and treated with Protamine Sulfate.

Protamine Sulfate

The specific treatment used to reverse the effects of Heparin toxicity.

Strychnine

A natural poison that inhibits Glycine ($GLY$) and causes a sardonic smile and spinal convulsions.

Phosphorus (Yellow)

A toxic form of Phosphorus found in fireworks that causes luminous vomitus, garlic breath, and hypocalcemia.

Phosphorus (Red)

A non-toxic form of Phosphorus used in the manufacturing of matches.

Copper sulfate

A treatment for Phosphorus poisoning that forms Cupric $PO4$.

Carbon Tetrachloride

An ingredient in non-flammable cleansing agents that can release Phosgene gas.

Phosgene

A gas used in chemical warfare that is released from Carbon Tetrachloride epoxides.

Carbon Monoxide

A gas formed by partial combustion that has a high affinity for hemoglobin, causing chocolate color of the blood.

Carboxyhemoglobin

The substance formed in the blood during Carbon Monoxide poisoning.

Opioid Triad

The clinical presentation of Opioid toxicity consisting of pinpoint pupils, respiratory depression, and coma.

Naloxone

A treatment agent used for Opioid overdose, alongside Nalmephene.

Barbiturates

Drugs that enhance the effect of $GABA$; toxicity causes drowsiness, ataxia, and slurred speech.

Flumazenil

One of the treatments listed for Barbiturate toxicity.

Chloral Hydrate

Known as the knockout drug or date rape drug; it is converted to TRICHLOROETHANOL in the body.

Bromides

Substances that cause Erythema multiforme; treated with Sodium chloride and water.

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

A hallucinogen derived from Ergot that inhibits Serotonin.

Trimethoxyphenylethylamine

An alkaloid obtained from Lopophora williamsii ($Peyote$).

ECSTASY (MDMA)

A substance that releases catecholamines (Adrenaline and Noradrenaline) and inhibits $MAO$, causing hypertension.

Marijuana

Also known as Hashish, Pot, or Weed; a CNS stimulant from Cannabis sativum or Cannabis indicum.

Delta-9-THC

The active compound ($D9-THC$) found in Marijuana.

Cocaine

Extracted from Erythroxylum coca; it was the $1st$ local anesthetic and is a sympathetic stimulant.

Nitrous Oxide

Also known as Laughing Gas; toxicity is characterized by HYPOXIA.

Ethanol

Known as grain alcohol and the most abused drug substance in the world.

Disulfiram

A specific treatment used for Alcohol (Ethanol) abuse.

Salicylates

The most common poison in children; severe toxicity causes lethargy, convulsions, and tinnitus.

Acetaminophen

A metabolite of Phenacetin and Acetanilide that can lead to methemoglobinemia and hepatic failure.

N-acetylcysteine (N-AC)

The specific treatment for Acetaminophen toxicity.

Chloramphenicol

An anti-infective that inhibits the $50s$ ribosomal subunit and can cause Gray baby syndrome or Aplastic anemia.

Vancomycin

A treatment for MRSA that can cause Red Man Syndrome via the release of histamine.

Isoniazid

An anti-TB drug ($Isonicotiniz hydrazide$) that causes peripheral neuritis; treated with Vitamin B6.