Anatomy 2300 Unit 2: Joints of the Pelvic Gridle & Lower Limb (Personal List)

Hip (Coxal) Joint:

(1) Articulating Bones

(2) Structural Type

(3) Functional Type &

Movements Allowed

Definition: The joint where the femur (thigh bone) connects with the pelvis, allowing the leg to move in many directions.

(1) Articulating Bones:

- Hip bone and femur

(2) Structural Type:

- Synovial; ball-and-socket

(3) Functional Type & Movements Allowed:

- Diarthrotic; multiaxial; flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction of thigh

Knee (Tibiofemoral) Joint:

(1) Articulating Bones

(2) Structural Type

(3) Functional Type &

Movements Allowed

Definition: The joint where the femur (thigh bone) connects with the tibia (shin bone), allowing the leg to bend and straighten.

(1) Articulating Bones:

- Femur and tibia

(2) Structural Type:

- Synovial; modified hinge (contains articular discs)

(3) Functional Type & Movements Allowed:

- Diarthrotic; biaxial; flexion, extension of leg, some rotation allowed

Knee (Femoropatellar) Joint:

(1) Articulating Bones

(2) Structural Type

(3) Functional Type &

Movements Allowed

Definition: The joint where the femur connects with the patella (kneecap), allowing the patella to move as the knee bends and straightens.

(1) Articulating Bones:

- Femur and patella

(2) Structural Type:

- Synovial; plane

(3) Functional Type & Movements Allowed:

- Diarthrotic; gliding of patella

Ankle Joint:

(1) Articulating Bones

(2) Structural Type

(3) Functional Type &

Movements Allowed

Definition: The joint where the tibia and fibula connect with the talus, allowing the foot to move up and down.

(1) Articulating Bones:

- Tibia and fibula with talus

(2) Structural Type:

- Synovial; hinge

(3) Functional Type & Movements Allowed:

- Diarthrotic; uniaxial; dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of the foot

Toe (Interphalangeal) Joint:

(1) Articulating Bones

(2) Structural Type

(3) Functional Type &

Movements Allowed

Definition: The joints between the phalanges (toe bones) that allow the toes to bend and straighten.

(1) Articulating Bones:

- Adjacent phalanges

(2) Structural Type:

- Synovial; hinge

(3) Functional Type &

Movements

- Diarthrotic; uniaxial; flexion; extension of toes

Medial Patellar Retinaculum

A band of connective tissue on the inner side of the patella that helps hold the kneecap in place and prevent excessive movement.

Lateral Patellar Retinaculum

A band of connective tissue on the outer side of the patella that helps hold the kneecap in place and stabilize it during knee movement.

Extracapsular Ligament

A ligament located outside the joint capsule that helps stabilize and strengthen the joint.

Intracapsular Ligament

A ligament located within the joint capsule that helps stabilize the joint and limit excessive movement.

Patellar Ligament

A strong band of connective tissue that connects the patella (kneecap) to the tibial tuberosity, helping stabilize the knee and transmit the force of the quadriceps to straighten the leg.

tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle

A strong tendon that connects the quadriceps femoris muscles to the patella, helping straighten (extend) the knee.

Medial (Tibial) Collateral Ligament (MCL):

(1) Ligament Type?

Definition: A strong ligament on the inner side of the knee that connects the medial epicondyle of the femur to the medial condyle of the tibia, helping stabilize the knee and prevent the knee from bending inward too far.

(1) Ligament Type?

- Extracapsular

Lateral (Fibular) Collateral Ligament (LCL):

(1) Ligament Type?

Definition: An extracapsular ligament on the outer side of the knee that connects the lateral epicondyle of the femur to the head of the fibula, helping stabilize the knee and prevent excessive side-to-side movement.

(1) Ligament Type?

- Extracapsular

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL):

(1) Ligament Type?

(2) Movement it Prevents?

(3) How does it Rupture?

Definition: An intracapsular ligament inside the knee that connects the femur to the tibia and helps stabilize the knee by preventing the tibia from sliding too far forward.

(1) Ligament Type?

- Intracapsular

(2) Movement it Prevents?

- Prevents anterior translation of the tibia in relation to the femur

(3) How does it Rupture?

- ruptures from hyperextension

Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL):

(1) Ligament Type?

(2) Movement it Prevents?

(3) How does it Rupture?

Definition: An intracapsular ligament inside the knee that connects the femur to the tibia and helps stabilize the knee by preventing the tibia from sliding too far backward

(1) Ligament Type?

- Intracapsular

(2) Movement it Prevents?

- Prevents posterior translation of the tibia in relation to the femur

(3) How does it Rupture?

- ruptures from landing on tibial tuberosity with flexed knee

Cruciate

Cross-shaped ligaments (like the ACL and PCL) providing anteroposterior stability to the knee.

Medial Meniscus

C-shaped piece of fibrocartilage on the inner (medial) side of the knee that sits between the femur and tibia and helps absorb shock and stabilize the knee.

Lateral Meniscus

A C-shaped piece of fibrocartilage on the outer (lateral) side of the knee that sits between the femur and tibia and helps absorb shock and stabilize the knee.

Unhappy Triad

A serious knee injury where three structures are damaged at the same time:

the ACL, MCL, and medial meniscus.

Fibrous Joint

Bones joined by fibrous tissue; no joint cavity; mostly immovable. (Synarthrosis)

Cartilaginous Joint

Bones united by cartilage; no joint cavity; slightly movable. (Amphiarthrosis)

Synovial Joint

Bones separated by a fluid-containing joint cavity; freely movable. (Diarthrosis)

Synarthrosis

An immovable joint.

Amphiarthrosis

A slightly movable joint.

Diarthrosis

A freely movable joint.

Ball-and-Socket Joint

Multiaxial synovial joint allowing movement in all directions.

Plane Joint

Nonaxial synovial joint allowing gliding movements.

Hinge Joint

Uniaxial synovial joint allowing flexion and extension.

Flexion

Movement that decreases the angle of a joint.

Extension

Movement that increases the angle of a joint.

Abduction

Movement of a limb away from the midline.

Adduction

Movement of a limb toward the midline.

Circumduction

Movement describing a cone-like shape in space.

Rotation

Turning of a bone around its own long axis.

Opposition

Movement of the thumb touching the tips of other fingers.

Dorsiflexion

Lifting the foot so its superior surface approaches the shin.

Plantar Flexion

Depressing the foot or pointing the toes downward.