CM ZS3

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Chapter 6

26 Terms

1

ΔG

= free energy change of a reaction =

= Δ in free energy between products and reactants

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2

ΔG0

= standard free energy change of a reaction

= intrinsieke energie van de reactanten = measure of “useful” energy (capable of doing work)

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3

relatie tussen ΔG0 en ΔG? CHECK

ΔG = ΔG0 +RT ln[P]/[R]

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4

wat verteld ΔG ons?

of de reactie spontaan zal gebeuren.

ΔG=-ve → spontaneous reaction

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5

hoe kun je bepalen in welke richting een reactie zal verlopen? CHECK

door middel van de evenwichtsconstante K.

kleine K = reactie loopt naar links

K=0 = reactie in evenwicht

grote K = reactie loopt naar rechts

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6

how can a ΔG=+ve reaction still occur?

  • koppelen met een reactie die wel ΔG=-ve is

  • ATP gebruiken

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7

what are enzymes?

enzymes are powerful and highly specific biological catalysts

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8

many enzymes need __ for activity

cofactors

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9

cofactors

kleine molecules, stevig gebonden aan het actieve centrum en zijn essentiël voor de katalyserende functie van het enzym.

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10

2 categories of cofactors

1) metals

2) coenzymes (= small organic molecules derived from vitamins)

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11

coenzymes

= small organic molecules derived from vitamins

can be loosely or tightly bound (= prosthetic group) to enzyme

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12

apoenzyme

enzyme wo its cofactor

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13

holoenzyme

enzyme w its cofactor = complete catalytically active enzyme

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14

6 classes of enzy,es

1) oxido-reductasen

2) transferasen

3) hydrolasen

4) lyasen

5) isomerasen

6) ligasen

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15

oxido-reductasen

catalyze redox reactions (transfer e- between molecules)

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16

transferasen

functional group transfer tussen moleculen

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17

hydrolasen

splitsing door additie van water

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18

lyasen

additie aan/vorming van dubbele binding

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19

isomerasen

intramoleculaire omzettingen

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20

ligasen

join 2 molecules in a reaction powered by ATP hydrolysis

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21

wat is de rol van vitamines en metalen in de katalyse door enzymen?

zij werken als cofactors. door te binden aan het actieve centrum word een apoenzym een holoenzym en dus katalytisch actief

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22

effect of enzymes on reaction equilibria

none. they do not alter the reaction equilibria, only increase reaction rates

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23

transition state

state that S goes through before becoming P.

its the least stable, least common and highest energy form

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24

activation energy

difference in free energy between transition state and substrate

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25

how do enzymes facilitate the formation of the transition state?

Ea = Δ in free energy between transition state and S

enzymes lower the Ea → more S molecules can reach transition state

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26

endergonic

if ΔG=+ve and therefore Emput is needed

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