sci oly digestive system

Teeth

each of a set of hard, bony enamel-coated structures in the jaws of most vertebrates, used for biting and chewing.

uvula

a fleshy extension at the back of the soft palate that hangs above the throat.

mouth

the opening in the lower part of the human face, surrounded by the lips, through which food is taken in and from which speech and other sounds are emitted.

tongue

the fleshy muscular organ in the mouth of a mammal, used for tasting, licking, swallowing, and (in humans) articulating speech.

epiglottis

a flap of cartilage at the root of the tongue, which is depressed during swallowing to cover the opening of the windpipe.

esophagus

connects the back of the mouth to the stomach lined with smooth muscle to push food down to the stomach

liver

a large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates, involved in many metabolic processes.

makes bile

gall bladder

stores bile for later

ascending colon

the first main part of the large intestine, which passes upward from the cecum on the right side of the abdomen.

ileum

the third portion of the small intestine, between the jejunum and the cecum.

ileoccal valve

the valve formed by two folds of mucous membrane at the opening of the ileum into the large intestine — called also Bauhin's valve

appendix

a tube-shaped sac attached to and opening into the lower end of the large intestine in humans and some other mammals.

rectum

the final section of the large intestine, terminating at the anus.

sigmoid colon

the S-shaped last part of the large intestine, leading into the rectum.

jejunum

the part of the small intestine between the duodenum and ileum.

transverse colon

the middle part of the large intestine, passing across the abdomen from right to left below the stomach.

stomach

the internal organ in which the major part of the digestion of food occurs, being (in humans and many mammals) a pear-shaped enlargement of the alimentary canal linking the esophagus to the small intestine.

cardiac sphincter

at the upper portion (cardia) of the stomach. This \--------- prevents the acidic contents of the stomach from moving upward into the esophagus.

duodenum

the first part of the small intestine immediately beyond the stomach, leading to the jejunum.

pyloric sphincter

is a small piece of smooth visceral muscle that acts as a valve and regulates the flow of partially digested food from the stomach to the duodenum. The opening and closing of the \--------- is controlled by peristaltic waves produced by the stomach during the digestion process.

lining of stomach

has glands that produce stomach acid and other important compounds

pancreas

a large gland behind the stomach that secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum. has islets embedded in it that secrets insulin and glucagon

bile duct

the duct that conveys bile from the liver and the gallbladder to the duodenum.

pancreas duct

that runs from left to right through the body of the gland, passes out its neck, and empties into the duodenum either through an opening shared with the common bile duct or through one close to it — called also duct of Wirsung

ingestion

intake of food

digestion

break down of food

Mechanical Digestion

physical break down

Chemical digestion

chemical breakdown of macromolecules to monomers

macromolecules

a molecule containing a very large number of atoms, such as a protein, nucleic acid, or synthetic polymer.

monomers

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.

absorption

transport of the products of digestion into the blood

defecation

elimination of undigested waste

Job of Mouth

chewing, digestion begins here

Job of Pharynx

swallowing

Job of esophagus

transport food to stomach

Job of stomach

storage of food, digestion of protein

Job of small intestine

majority of digestion and absorption of food takes place here

Job of large intestines

absorption of water, waste storage

Job of anus

elimination of waste

Job of Salivary Glands

Secrete salivary amylase

Job of liver

produce bile

Job of gallbladder

storage of bile

Job of pancreas

secrete pancreatic amylase and other digestive enzymes ( secrete insulin)

The Mouth

Opens to outside to facilitate feeding
Aids in preparation of food for digestion
Foods are broken down mechanically by chewing
Saliva is added as a lubricant from the auxiliary saliva glands
Saliva contains amylase, an enzyme that digests starch
Serves as an organ for speech and pleasure
Includes cheeks, lips, tongue, palate, teeth - primary & secondary

Incisors

8 for biting food

Canines

4 for grasping and tearing food

bicuspids

8 for grinding and crushing food

Molars

12 for grinding food

peristalsis

aids in swallowing

most of chemical enzymatic digestion occurs in the

small intestine

almost all nutrients are

absorbed in the small intestine

accessory glands

liver, gall bladder, and pancreas provide secretions to assist with chemical enzymatic digestion

bile

helps digest fats

Pancreatic enzymes are

secreted into the small intestine and aid in the digestion of fats carbohydrates and protein

Large Intestine is the

Colon

Large intestine is supposed to

absorb water and have bacterial fermentation takes place in it also is where feces are formed

The Rectum collects

undigested waste

anus expels

undigested waste has muscles the control exit and prevent leakage

Mechanical digestion takes place in

shewing of mouth churning of stomach and segmentation of the small intestine

Propulsion of food

swallowing (oropharynx)
Peristalsis
( esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine )

Carbohydrates
Protein
Fats
Nucleic Acids all need to be

chemically digested

Stomach Ulcers

are open sores that develop on the inside lining of your stomach and the upper portion of your small intestine. The most common symptom of a peptic ulcer is stomach pain

Duodenal Ulcers

A crater (ulcer) in the lining of the beginning of the small intestine (duodenum). Ulcer formation is caused by infection with Helicobacter pylori. Other factors predisposing a person to ulcers include anti-inflammatory medications and cigarette smoking.

Diarrhea

a condition in which feces are discharged from the bowels frequently and in a liquid form.

Lactose Intolerance

The inability to digest lactose, a component of milk and some other dairy products.

Hepatitis

a disease characterized by inflammation of the liver.

Chohn's Disease

is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It causes inflammation of your digestive tract, which can lead to abdominal pain, severe diarrhea, fatigue, weight loss and malnutrition.

GERD (Gastroesophageal reflux disease)

is a chronic digestive disease. occurs when stomach acid or, occasionally, stomach content, flows back into your food pipe (esophagus). The backwash (reflux) irritates the lining of your esophagus and causes

Diverticular Disease

consists of three conditions that involve the development of small sacs or pockets in the wall of the colon,

Celiac Disease

sometimes called sprue or coeliac, is an immune reaction to eating gluten

Fiber

slows absorption of sugar gives body and opportunity to regulate blood sugar levels

Fiber is found

in plants mostly

Fiber has \_________ type(s)

two

Insoluble fiber

is a type of fiber which cannot be dissolved in water
\--------- \----- draws water to the intestine, increasing the bulk and softness of waste products

Soluble fiber

can be digested slowly and it slows the digestive process and keeps the stomach fuller longer leaving the body feeling full for a longer period of time

Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates are

slower so that glucose (sugar) in food enters the bloodstream more slowly, which keeps blood sugar on a more even level

New Food Group Pyramid

2000 calorie diet
Grains 6 oz daily
Vegetables 2 and 1/2 cups daily
Fruits 2 cups daily
Milk 3 cups daily
Meats and Beans 5 and 1/2 oz daily

Old Food Group Pyramid

6-11 servings of grains
2-4 servings of fruit
3-5 servings of vegetables
2-3 servings of dairy
2-3 proteins
use fats oils and sweets sparingly

Food labels show

serving size
servings per container
Calories
Nutrients - g and % daily values
vitamins and minerals - % Daily Values
based on 2000 calorie diet

Xerophthalmia

abnormal dryness of the conjunctiva and cornea of the eye, with inflammation and ridge formation, typically associated with vitamin A deficienc

Pernicious Anemia

a deficiency in the production of red blood cells through a lack of vitamin B12.

Scurvy

a disease caused by a deficiency of vitamin C, characterized by swollen bleeding gums and the opening of previously healed wounds, which particularly affected poorly nourished sailors until the end of the 18th century.

Rickets

a disease of children caused by vitamin D deficiency, characterized by imperfect calcification, softening, and distortion of the bones typically resulting in bow legs.

Vitamin-poisoning

Hypervitaminosis. Hypervitaminosis is a condition of abnormally high storage levels of vitamins, which can lead to toxic symptoms. ... Hypervitaminoses are primarily caused by fat-soluble vitamins (D, E, K and A), as these are stored by the body for longer period than the water-soluble vitamins.

Osteoporosis

which literally means porous bone, is a disease in which the density and quality of bone are reduced. As bones become more porous and fragile, the risk of fracture is greatly increased. The loss of bone occurs silently and progressively.

Obesity

the condition of being grossly fat or overweight

Anorexia

a lack or loss of appetite for food (as a medical condition).
an emotional disorder characterized by an obsessive desire to lose weight by refusing to eat.

Bulimia

an emotional disorder involving distortion of body image and an obsessive desire to lose weight, in which bouts of extreme overeating are followed by depression and self-induced vomiting, purging, or fasting.
an eating disorder in which a large quantity of food is consumed in a short period of time, often followed by feelings of guilt or shame.