Entomology Test 1 (Non Anatomy Bits)

Which animal has the highest kill count of any animal

mosquito

Name four things entomologists do

1-applied entomology

2-medical entomology

3-ecology,behavior,genetics,evoluton

4-systematics

Already, Mikitaka Eats Sand

What type of entomology studies impacts of insects on agriculturally important crops

Applied entomology

What type of entomology deals with diseases that come from insects as insects present at crime scenes

Medical entomology

what type of entomology involves the use of insects to serve as model organisms? What insect is the most commonly used one?

Ecology, Behavior, Genetics, and Evolution

Drosophila

What type of Entomology is a part of biology interested in determining the diversity of life and why we have so many species? Looks at trophic interactions between organisms

Systematics

What are the four largest orders of insects? What is true of all of them?

The four main groups are Coleoptera, hymenoptera, diptera, and lepidoptera. These all undergo complete metamorphasis (holometabolic)

What are the six reasons for which there are so many insects?

1) small size

2) sensory and neuromotor sophistication

3)adaptability (short generations allow quick adaptation to new environments)

4) wings and flight (they adapted wings and flight before even dinosaurs)

5) complete metamorphasis avoids hot and cold weather in favor of optimal range

6) co-evolution with plants

What are the 6 reasons to study insects?

1) Greatest variety of behavioral and ecological interactions.there are 14-20 million species of insects.

2)Model organisms are often insects

3) benefits to humans

4) ecosystem functions

5) medical/ livestock reasons

6) 90% of all animals are insects and thus ignoring them would mean ignoring most of the life around you.

Giorno made bruno eat moldy nuggets

What are the four benefits that insects provide to humans

A) pollination

B) Pest control/ parasitism

C) dung beetles (waste removal)

D) Commercial products

Pucci
Please
Die
catastophically

What are the five ecosystem functions of insects

A) nutrient recycling

B) Plant propigation

C) food for other organisms

D) maintining plant community comp

E) maintianing animal community comp

(Noriaki played flute monday morning)

What is the consumption of insects as food?

Entomophagy

What are some advantages and disadvantages of entomophagy

Advantages:

-high in protein, abundant, efficient, less env damages

Disadvantages:

-toxicity due to potential pesticides

-allergies

-western culture taboo

What are two examples of cultures that embrace insects?

Ancient Egypt and Current Japan.

Scarabs very popular in ancient egypt and seen as a religious symbol befcuase no one understood how they emerged from the soil. thought it was spontaneous creation. Also placed on sarcophagus

In japan, can buy live insects from vending machine

What phylum and subphylum are insects in?

phylum arthropoda and subphylum pancrustacea.

What is the order of insects on which the wings do not fold?

Palaeoptera

What group of insects have foldable wings?

Polyneoptera

______ is a unique characteristic, key innovation, morophological character that appears on a group that gave it an advantage

apomorphy

What is the exoskeleton of arthropods made up mostly of?

chitin

How is Sclerotization happening in insects

tanning (proteins cross linking together)

What is the rubber like flexible protein that provides elasticity to individuals with exoskeleton?

Resilin

What are the openings in the exoskeleton that allow them to sense the outside environment?

pores and canals

Discuss the importance of the exoskeleton. What are the reasons

A) support-all muscles are attached to the exoskeleton

B) Defense- makes them hard to eat

C) growth - ecdysis- changing of the ‘skin’

D) new habitats- arthropods originated as totally marine. exoskeleton allowed them to come on land.

Slut dio got naked

What are the two types of color that are present in nature?

pigment color and structural color

What is pigment color

absorbs visible light by chemicals

What is structural color?

layering of strucutures causes colors

What are the three types of strucutral color

1- Interference

2- scattering

3- diffraction of light

I suck dick

What type of structural coloration is it when light waves interact with each other?

Ex: butterfly wings. Light reflects form layers. Some reflected waves interacta and certain wavelengths are strongly reflected

Interference

What type of structural coloration is it when structures spread/bend light according to their spacing? Light encounters reguarly spaced structures. You see different colors depending on where you are because wavelengths are directed in different directionsn

ex: some beetles

Diffraction

What type of structural coloration is when structures redirect light in different directions? Does not require an orderly repeatng structure.

Ex: some butterfly scales contain nanescale strucutres that scatter shorter wavelengths of light more strongly. Leads to structural blue

scattering coloration

what are pigments produced by?

1) the insect’s metabolism

2) eating plants

3)microbes

What are the 7 reasons that colors are impoortant in insects?

1)defence

2) reproduction

3) mimicry

4) camoflouge

5) protective (melanin- sunrays)

6) ommochroms the main pigment in insect eyes

7) instraspecific regognition

(Dio ruined my club penguin online instantly)

What type of positioning is when you are looking towardss the head

anterior

What type of positioning is when you are facing towards the back of an individual

posterior

what type of positioning is it when you are looking at the sides of the individual

lateral

What type of positioning is it when you are looking at the top of the individual

dorsal

What type of positioning is it when you are looking at the stomach of the inidividual

ventral

What type of posiitoning is it when you are away from the body

distal

what type of positioning is it when you are close to the body

proximal

What is the production of body parts (head, thorax, abdomen)

tagmosis

What refers to many segements that come together? What is an example for insects?

Tagmata (head, thorax, abdomen)

What are the three diffrent types of mouth part?

1- Prognathus

2- Hypognathus

3- Opisthognathus

(Project Hail Oral)

What type of mouth part is typically used by predatory insects? Mandibles are infront of the mouth to attack food?

Prognathus

What type of mouth part has mandibles under the mouth becuase they eat while they walk? Detritivores and plant feeders generally

Hypognathus

What type of mouth part has mandibles that go to back of the body? THey have beak and feed on liquid from plant or animal?

Opisthognathus

What are the 5 mouth part components?

Labrum, Hypopharnyx, Mandibles, Maxillae, Labium

(2 mandibles and 2 maxillae)

What type of mouth part is the mouthpart of butterflies? Galeae fuse to form the proboscis

suctorial

What type of mouth part is had by insects such as bees?

Chewing/ lapping type

What type of mouth part is had by organisms such as flies and hemiptera?

Suctorial/ peircing

What type of mouth part is had by aquatic organisms? Mouth parts are used to being aquatic organisms closer

filter feeding type

What is the function of antenna?

The antenna can function as a spedometer, get sensory information, and can be used in male-female interactions.

How many segements are included in an insect?

6

Which two parts of the insect include legs and wings?

mesothorax and metathorax

Do any insects have legs that come out of their abdomen?

NO

What are the pretarsal claws that allow insects to stick to the wall?

Arrolium

on what part of the body are the forwings attached?

mesothorax

on what part of the body are the hindwings attached

metathorax

What are the two different mechanisms that insects have for wing folding?

Paleoptera: limited sclerites prevent them from closing wings

Neoptera: more sclerites make them able to fold their wings back

What is it called when insects lose their wings? wings drop after migration

Deciduous Wings

What is it called when wings are shorter than average

Brachyptery

What is it caleld when insects either evolved before wings or insects have secondarily lost their wings ( ancestors have wings , but they don’t)

Aptery

What is it called when insects have hooks on their wings that hook forewings to hindwings?

Hamuli

What are the two theories for the origins of wings? What was concluded to be true

The two theorie were the Paranotal Lobes hypothesis and the Ancestral leg branch hypothesis.

Firstly the paranotal lobes hypothesis stated that wings started as little extensions fromthe thorax.

Ancesteral Leg Branch Hypothesis states that wings were ancestral leg branches and that the gills on legs became wings.

A mixture of both was proven to be true in 2018, as it appears that there was not a single origin for wings.

Why was the Ancesteral Leg Branch Hypothesis initially proven to be correct?

Scientists were looking for a gene that was conserved among arthropod groups. That same gene is expressed in regions of interest: wings, gills, legs.

Genes present in the book gills of the horseshoe crab were likely also present in the insect wings, leading the hypothesis to be accepted

What were the four hypothesis for the origin of flight?

1- floating in the air

2-paragliding, parachuting

3-running-jumping to flying

4- surface sailing on the water

Why would the floating in the air hypothesis for the origin of flight likely be incorrrect?

The wings would be a hinderance rather than a help

Why would the paragliding and parachuting hypothesis for the origin of flight probably be incorrect?

It would actually possibly be correct as some insects still do this

Why would the running- jumping to flying hypothesis probably be incorrect

not correct because insects cannot run that fast

Why would the surface sailing on water hypothesis probably be incorrect

it is possible, but requires second hypothesis

would seelct for longer wings and loss of rearwings

How many abdominal segments does the insect abdomen have

11

Do insect abdominal segements include appendanges?

no

what are some special segements of the insect abdomen?

9-11 have modified into genitalia

segement 8 and 9 in females have a modifieed ovipositor.

What is the male genitalia modified into? What is true about it in regards to evolution?

Aedeagus

The aedeagus is one of the first changes that occur when new insect species arises. Stops gene flow and causes reproductive isolation

What are the two types of muscles that insects have? Describe them

Synchronous and Asynchronous muscles

Synchronous muscles have one impulse and one contraction.

Asynchronous muscles have one impulse and multuple contractions. they are useful for flying and most insects have this type.

What connects the muscles to the exoskeleton in insects?

Tonofibrillae

What is true regarding body size and muscle efficncy in insects?

The smaller you are the more efficent your muscles are at creating power.

Describe how insecrts walk

Insects walk by using three legs at a time. 2 from one side and 1 from the middle of ther other

How do insects walk at a medium to slow speed?

Retraction and Protraction

Retraction is posterior movement

Protraction is foreward movement

How do insects move at a fast speed

They move at a fast speed by

-increasing the frequency of leg movements by shortening period between protraction and retraction.

-increase stride length

-change triagulation to use four legs for movement

-use only the hind legs (bipedally)

What is the difference between how insects fly and how birds fly

Insects use their wings in a figure 8 movement rather than flapping them like a bird

What are the three movements that insects combine to fly

1-downward/foreward movement and upward/backward moveent

2-rotation of the wings at base

3-various parts of the wings flex to adjust speed (can flex wings up and down at tips for better flight)

What are the two types of flight muscles?

Direct flight muscles and indirect flight muscles

What type of flight muscles are muscles attached directly to wing? Two sets of muscles directly controlling wing

Direct Flight Muscles

What type of flight muscles rae muscles attached to the upper part of the thorax (tergum) and the movement of the tertum controls wings

Indirect flight muscles

What strategy do insects deploy when temps dip into the 40s?

Beating of wing muscles without flight to warm up muscles and allow for flight

How do micro-insects fly?

flight is like swimming through syprup for them. they clap wings together behidn back to generate propulsion

What are the three parts of the insect brain

1) protocerebrum

2)deuterocerebrum

3) tritocerebrum

Pucci Died Twice

What part of the insect brain is associated with eyesight processing and sensory input from eyes

Protocerebrum

What part of the insect brain is associated with antenna

Deuterocerebrum

What part of the insect brain is associated with signals from other parts of the body aside form the eyes and antenna

Tritocerebrum

What are hormones? What are the three major hormones of insects?

Hormones are chemicals produced by organs.

1) Ecdysteroids

2) Juvenile Hormones

3) Neurohormones

Enjoy Jotaro’s Necromancy

What type of insect hormone is a class of hormones that is associated iwth Ecdysis

Ecdysteriods

What type of insect hormones is one expressed when insect is immature? Turning off of this signals it is time for insect to become an adult

Juvenile Hormone

What type of insect hormone controls everthing that is not ecdysis and maturity linked

Neurohormones

What is insect blood and how is it different from our blood?

insect blood is hemolymph which is different from out blood because it does not contain pigments that contain oxygen. It only carries plasma and ‘blood’ cells

What is the role of the hemolymph?

1- transportation of nutrients, waste, and hormones

2-serves as a water reserve

3-cold protection

4- protection and defence from physical entry of parasites, and actions of predators. Hemolymph tastes bad.

What are the three types of hemolymph cells?

1-Hemocytes

2-Nephrocytes

3-Oenocytes

Hell NO

What type of Hemolymph cell encapsulates parasites, coagulation, and stores and distributes nutrients

Hemocytes

What type of hemolymh cell functions similar to kidneys? Takes away nutrient and metabolizes them? Acts as a ductless gland

Nephrocytes

What type of Hemolymph does cuticular lipid synthesis

Oenocytes