Ground school Week 1

Coanda Effect

fluid from an opening follows adjacent or curved surface and develops a region of lower pressure regardless of external forces.

adheres to surface and uses ambient pressure (air from around it)

pitot tube

measures hydraulic pressure in flow of fluids

rise in hydraulic column directly related to square velocity of fluid

States of matter (in order)

Melting

Evaporation

Condensation

Freezing

Sublimation

Deposition

Energy used for transitions in matter

Latent Heat

Adiabatic heating/cooling

Adiabatic - heat change is internal and cannot be changed

Molecules close - more heat

Molecules far - less heat

3 frames of axis

Yaw/Normal (vertical)

Pitch ( wing tip to tip)

Roll (front to aft)

4 forces affecting flight

Lift - opposes weight and generated by wings

Weight - gravity

Thrust - opposes drag - forward motion from propellers

Drag - resistance to forward motion

Aerofoils

A shaped surface that generates lift when moving through air

could be wings, propellers, ailerons, rudders, etc

Parts of aerofoils

Chord - imaginary line from front to back(width)

Camber - the curvature of the surface

Span - length from tip to tip

Area - Chord x Span in square feet

Aspect ratio - average span/average chord

Relative air flow (RAF)

Airflow moving in the direction opposite FLIGHT PATH

direction does not always show RAF

Angle of Attack

angle between chord line and raf

changes with pitch angle, speed, climb

straight back

Bernoulli principle

high pressure - low velocity

low pressure - high velocity

Venturi and wings

an aerofoil/wing can be half a venturi with high pressure below and low pressure above

air above is moving faster than below

newton’s 3rd law

action reaction - a surface moving through air at an angle to relative airflow will react opposite to the perpendicular of that angle

center of gravity

point that lift acts through

angle of attack increases - moves forward

angle of attack decreases - moves back(aft)

Boundary layer

Airflow transitions to smooth laminar airflow which transitions to turbulent airflow

Angle of Incidence

The angle the wing is permanently inclined on the longitudinal axis

direction of lift

always perpendicular to relative air flow

weight

aircraft affected by gravity like us and have acceleration of 9.81m/s2

center of gravity

point of which aircraft is assumed to balance on all 3 axis

center of gravity further forward then lift on the plane

tail pushes down

lift opposes all downward forces