Molecular biology of the cell

Nucleotide structure

Sugar(deoxyribose) and phosphate. They create a backbone + base (A,G,C,T)

RNA can fold and catalyse?

Yes, RNA can fold in a specific structure using its own complementary sequences and also work as catalysers in some cases

Ribosomal ingredients

rRNAs and 50 proteins

Genome

Total genetic information

Free energy, how does this appear?

When some molecules bind to one another going into a state of lower energy they free some additional energy

ATP is used for

as a building block for DNA/RNA synthesis or it also carries energy

Amphophilic

One part is hydrophilic and another one is hydrophobic

Paracrine signaling

Short distance signaling to the same type of cells or to a different type of cells but always to those, that are near by

Endocrine signaling

Long distance signaling. To cells that are far away, for example hormones use blood stream

Autorcrine signaling

A cell can react to its own signals. It releases signals and its own receptors react to them. For example cancer cells can regulate its growth in such way

Proliferation

Growth and division of the cells

The difference between endocrine signaling and synaptic signaling in length and affinity

Cells that get their signals(hormones) by endocrine signaling have higher affinity to their ligand, while neurons have much lower affinity to the neurotransmitter. Neurotransmitter is also quickly removed by enzymes after signaling. But synaptic signaling is way faster